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⤷УҰŮӥޥͩ``ɥå`Ρޥͥȡi
⤷ɥ飩
а򲿵Ů˵³صġѧ
       
ߣĺ        
廭椭Fbamboo  
룺ʮ衡
Уԣʮ MinisterAce
֮ȣhttp://www.lightnovel.cn/
ѧϰʹãҵ;
غ24СʱɾߣLKκ
תʱעϢطߵͶ
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ݼ
һܸɵİ򲿾ͶԱһż԰̵ܶഺС˵
а򲿵ŮΪӵĹ깺ʱС˵³صġѧһ顣տʼӴʱݹרҵ⣬ʮֺ˴顣أϱ㿪ʼܽõ԰򲿵Ĺˡ
һܵ³صĶǡѧԼľӪԱǵ׷
	
2009124տʼУ201010ͻ150ᡣ
ձеԼС˵ʽдַһʦ³صĹѧ裬ͬʱ˵³˹ѧ鼮ۡ鲢ǴС˵С˵˹ˡִѧ֮³ˣPeter FDrucker룺ˣľManagement: Tasks Responsibilities PracticesΣʵйѧۻõ˶԰򲿵Ĺ֮УԴΪؼͥѧУᡢNPO֯⣬ձ˵Ļӭ

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һ ˡѧ
ڶ ڹ
 гӪ
 ּڳΪרҵķ
 ּڷԱ
 ڴ
 
ڰ ˼ֿĺ
β

 




uϳΪ򲿵ľڸж꼶ʱѮǰʱ
úͻȻ֮ǰϴδԼΪ򲿵ľѧδμӹκεŻһǳͨŮ˶ǰ˸ҲŵĹϵ
ȻΪһ벻飬ȴΪ˰򲿵ľҲϻڶ꼶֮ǰϲµʱڼ򲿵ԭ
Ϊ򲿾֮һĿ꣬Ǿǡ򲿴԰ҲΪʵĿ꣬¶ĵξһְ
˵Ⲣ֮ĺĸҲԸʮȷĿ꣬ʹϵĿ겻ֻǡҪ򲿴԰һҪӴ԰
˵ǸܺĿ꣬ҪȥʵϲûоĹ롣ǰ˵ڴ֮ǰϴδӴ򲿡Ҫ˵ʲôģھְλһʲôһ֪
ЩһҲ⡣ͷȻֱϵšȥǣ̿ʼжϾԸˡ
Ϊ򲿵ľʱҲ˼Ӵ԰֮ǰҪ򲿴԰ľȻ󣬼ȻѾ˾㲻Ҫ룬չжˡ

	

 
һ	ˡѧ

1
ϾͶġ̾ñСһͨС
̾ñСͨơ̸ߡλڶضƽԭսᴦĦʼСС಻һ硣
Уһĸ߸֮,ܾºܺáӽҵĴȥԿԶ¶Ħɽ룬ʿɽľһࡣ
һԭѺڿɽֿɵǳǣΧȻľֲ˵ǶΧ֮ڣȻԴȴȻʮַḻ
̸ѧСƫֵʮѧѧʴԼٷ֮ʮÿ궼жѧ붫ѧ
׿Խѧȣ˶ԶˡȻŻҲȴûһ֧ӵдȫʵ
ҲͬˡԲ˵ãʵȴҲǿӵˮƽûдﵽܹ԰ĳ̶ȡڴ֮ǰóɼǶʮǰΨһһνԤѡ֣ǰ16һ£̸ڵֵʱֹǰˡ
Щϻ˽ģԭҲûжڵİ򲿱ܴɼˣڸһʱǴһʵ״ʵ̫ˡҪ˵԰ܲӮõһԤѡ˵
ϳΪ򲿾ʱӸոڶļԤѡսܣ꼶ո˲ʱ,ûжԱμѵ
򲿲ûаŶԱǷż٣ѵӦҪճеġɴĶԱûκкûдһμѵ
һʱڵİ򲿱ӯôһַΧϯϢȫƾԸɡãʵǵļɢѡ̵˶ѵ㡣
ϵһβμӰѵ죬ֻ˳ϯһ23ԱҲ˵ķ֮ϵȱϯѵңһʱ䣬ȻѾǰˡ
ҲʼܾʲôҲĽ٣٣ҪԼ뷨˭Ѱ־ͬϵͬ飬һжС
ǣϱ㿪żɽİԼ뷨ͽеļμϰĶԱǱ˳
֧Ӵ԰
⻰ҵķӦͬ˼𸴵ģĲɷܵģе˸Ҫ졣ѴҵĻشĻȱһͬĹ۵㣬˭϶ǳŷ񶨵̬ȡ
ӵس˵
Ŀ껹ǲ̫ʵֵİɡ˵԰оʮʷĶѧУ԰ֻһСˣ˽ѧУļսӵӣ֡մ絾ʵҵʶ԰ĸСҪ԰ͱҪܺüǿѧУĿ̫꣬ʵˡ
ӳǳ˵
ʵ˵ĺϾǵĶԱΪ˴԰ġֻΪ˶ཻһЩʱĻʲôġҲΪСֻӴ򰡣ûбʲô¿֮ԭ벿ĶԱһȺ˵ʲôĿֱָ԰û˭Ӧİɡ
ҰֵĺĶԱְľɵ˵
˵ѽҲ̫˰ɡȻ飬˵ʲôԼ԰ΪĿ꣬ʱȴ޷ʵֵĻЦ;ִ԰һʼǲҪ˵󻰣Ŀ궨ͻԤʲôĻ˵ùȥ
һĬʵ
˵ôĴôѾôǣ֮ǰôġ
ʱȴ׺ݵĿݺݵص˴һۣĻ
˭Ҳ׼˵Ļ
֪ӡ
һѯĶһ꼶Ůˣش
ȣš԰ôȣšǸûʲôš
شֹ˸ûб̬
޳ϵ뷨֧ϵһҲûС
ʹҲûȥⷴĶ־
˼ôšΪûͬսļֵ
ԸԽ澳ԽǶ־߰
⣬ҲȫĹԮ֮ҵõһǿĻ顣

 
2
Ϊ򲿾ǲġʵĺ塣״ʲôϲûһĸ
ļĹԷ󣬳ǰĴ𰸡

ޥͩ``manager֧ˡUߡˡO
manager̵꣬˾ȵģӪߡˡල

һԱͬʱ

ޥͩ`ȡmanagementIUӡ
managementӪ

Щ֮Ͻ㽫managerΪоӪˡҲǽmanagementˡ
֮Ͼͳȥ˸ĴꡣҪһҾܹھǹ鼮
Աѯʵ
ûйڡǡأ
ŮԱ֮ܿһˡһ߰ݸһ߽ܵ
Ȿôǹڡ˵һܻӭ顣Ȼ˵ѾʮˣڻڴǳڳƷⱾǸҪġ桷ȻҲС桷տʼӴ֪ⷽʶĻһƼȶⱾ
Ͻõ￴Ŀֱ˵дšѧǱ˵?F?³ˣ룬ʯ档
ݶûпһۣϱˡ˵ǧһԪļ۸Щ󣬲ܻӭ顣
Ҳܽ⡪ôš
˼ףԼ̸ʲôĺûءʱ򣬱ʲôҲҪ룬Ȱ˵
ϻصϾͶǣܿͿʼˡһҲûиصݡǸûйϵĹڡҵӪ顣
ʶº˶û˾
ʱӦȷһûдڰĶѽҲ̫Լˡٿﶼдʲôɡ
ţת飬Ŷ
ǧһԪ飬ôҲȶ˵ûйϵܻӭ项һʵǲıģܻЩοõİɡ
Ͼ߱ʡѸתʡԵһɨգɼӵȴһҲûиı䡣

ŶȥȴⱾ黹ǳϵȤңⱾҲֻǽ˹ڡҵӪ⡣ȫ̽˰ҵڵС֯ľӪ⡣
ңҲ˵һϵҲûСӹҲһ֯˵֯Ӫ֪ʶ򲿵Ĺϵġ
Щһ
ⱾҲȫ˷˰
Ʋ㲻̸Ȿ黹ǺȤȻϲûȫдݣ ǳҪĶд档ЩǺзÿһʣ϶ġ

סϳв԰Ρ֪䣬Ѿ֮һݡһͻĸоϮͷ׵ĺһСʯһƽ
ΪϿдһ仰

ʣһҳ

⼸ִϡ
ǳڡһ½ڡһд˹ھĸݡеһС⡣
⼸֣뵽
һдҪΪ߱ʲô
뵽ֵ
Ҳ߱Щôء
һģšǾԼ϶ʧְӡңҲǽһ˽򲿴԰ĿƵġ
¼˵ϲ߱ʵĻô⡣ʵϣڰûһϵ
ǣֻⱾ飬뱻Ȿ綨ΪûʡֻΪⱾܻӭҪԼҲ
һ˵ΪϲⱾ飬ԣԲԼϲԼʺϳΪ
ˣսսļȥǣдġ

߱˵ֻܹ顢ԡܹͨơƶȡƶȵȷЧؿ˲ŵǱֻЩҪ߱ʡǾֿһҳ

һ˲䣬Ͼ񱻵Ƶ𶯡ݴͣϲ̧֪ͷ˺һᡣ
ȻڻعٴνĿתصϼȥôдš

̬ȺͰڰˡ˼ʹϵñ֮߱һӡֻܳΪȫʤξһְ
ʵϣõ֯һҪһӲ˶˼ʹϵӵϰڡϰദأ˲š˰˵Ӯ𾴡ҪҪһĹͬı׼ҪԼƶϸߵı׼ڴԱܹء¼жϣֻ¼ԾԱֿҪǵ۸˵
Ƿȱʵˣε̬ȺͰˡ˼ã۶ôôڹ϶ΣյġΪһΪһʿⶼʧˮ׼ġ
һΪϵĶ󡣵ʤξһְʱһЩ֪ʶʹⱻҲͨԼѧϰաǣֻһǲѧϰ޷õģǴһʼеġǲܣֿһҳ

ϷĶһݣرǾ仰
ǲܣֿ
С૵
ֿʲôأ
һ˲䣬ͻȻأˮϵۿﱼӿ
ԼҲһΪʲôأԼҲסǣˮȴôҲͣӺҲʵ
ֹסᣬҲȥˡ飬һſϣˮš
ӷѾ˺ܳһʱ䣬̫Ȼ谵ķ϶һ¡

 
3
ҵʽ죬ѧУϲûֱӻؼңǳ˿ĳۺҽԺİʿҪȥסԺѡ
ѵǹϦ͡Ϧ͸̸ͬһ꼶˻÷ķС
ʱϦ͵ĸ׹ﾸӭ˳
Сˣӭ~
̺~
ǣﲢûϦ͵Ӱ
ףϦȥˣ
ǴСϺŮϦһ𳤴ģϸദ޸ң˵ҲǶԼĸһûôн
ȥɢء
ϳԾġסһ
ɢܵô
΢ɢɢĻԡҲûˣˡ
תһ˶װϦվſڡ
ϡˣʲôʱģ
ոյġ˵û°ɣʱȥɢˣô
ûϵġ㿴ϦָԼԴһոµĲñ
ÿɰ~
ǰ~΢ȥԿ
ˣϲͬص˵ͷ
İżƯƯĳȥҲ
Ưѽֻ˶ء
Ϧ΢Ц
ЦÿĵŮ˵
ǣȳȥ㶫ˡȻתϡСϣϦ;ͰŶ
ǣ·СŶ
߳ȥϱ·ش򿪱䣬óӵ裬˲ǰĸֹصϵϦͳʵ
ô򲿵ôˣ
šȻոտʼ
ϣǲû̫ϰ
ǵġһֱһֻ˳ϯ
ʱӡȥҲôЩ˵ġ
ʵԭϦҲǰ򲿵ľϲͬǴһ꼶ͿʼμŻġרҵԱ
ǣļĶԤѡոհսʱϦ͵ͻȻֻԺơңĲ鲢ʲô֢ҪڵסԺƣĿܡ
ʵϦԼ϶ܴ˵ϦͲ÷ϵֿѡ
һ˵˵ҲǼֲˡСʱϦ͵ͱȽСѧʱ򼸺ÿ궼ҪסԺ
Ժĵص㣬ǻѡҽԺˣ˵ҽԺҲǺϤĵطˡ
Ȼϵкܳһʱû̽ϦˡΪԴѧϦ͵彡˺ܶ࣬Ȼ˵ûûصסԺĳ̶ȡ
ԣϦٴסҽԺ˵ȻкܴĴʹˣϦȴûбֳɥߵӵӣֻǱȽƽĽһʵʵֱסԺ
ϦͣϴӰóһ߷ҳһ˵
ʵҪ㡣
ʲôǱǣ
˵شҵٸ㡣
ţ֪ˡ
ôǡ򲿣ʲô
ȣ
ʲôһ֯ʲôӦʲô
ȡһ¡ôͻȻЩϦһȵʵúýһ¡ʲô˼һҲס
ѽǸϿķ˵ʵⱾ顭
ѧ
ǵġ˾ҪûΪοˡ
ǣôвοֵô
šûôⱾдţǾĹĽУȱҪ⡮֯Ķ塯ʼ
֯Ķ壿
šѧⱾôдġ

֯Ĺͬ롢ͬԼжһ¶Ҫȷ涨ǵҵʲôӦʲôʮҳ

Ҳ˵Ҫ򲿣ȱҪ֯ӦҪʲô
¡ô£Ҫʡʲô⡣
ţԣŪûа취ȥһҲס
򲿲Ϊ˴֯ô
ϦȻ˵ǣϵȴֳһʧı顣
ӡѧôдġ

ƺûʲô֪һ˾ҵʲô򵥻ˡһҸһ·˾·ؿͻһұչ˾бգһгʵϣǵҵʲôһѵ⣬Զ׼Ĵȷʮҳ

Ҳ˵ΪǡԶ׼ģԴǲȷô
ţǵġѰ
ԣҲû취ˡ򲿣ʲôأϦͿܻдҲ˵ġ
֮˺ܾãԼǣôҲ벻һܹŷĴ𰸡
˵ϦΪʲô򲿵ľ

 
4
ϸϦ÷ķСֱ֪ϦϲеʱϦͻȻ˵򲿡ֱʱϲŵһ˵Ϧϲ¡
ǣǸʱϲûѯϦҪɡ֮Ҳû̸һ⡣ԣϵҲ֪ϦͳΪ򲿾ɡ
ǣϦ֪ͣΪʲôͻȻɫֽץסϥϵ̺ӣҲܿϵķĿĵ䵽˲Եǽϡ
Ҳע⵽Ϧֵı֡
Ϧͣ
ǣϦ;ûϵʻƵģþóĬ
óһʱתϣſ˿ڡ
ʵл˵
ţ
ϦֱϵӣҪҧƵһһּѵļЩ
ЩӦø˵һֱĲֱҲû˵ڡǣҽ¶ģһҪ㣬ϣ˵𣿡
ȣȻˡ˵ĻͲҪǿˡ
Ϧҡͷ˵㡣ǣ˺ҡЩ˺㣬ԣһֱ˵ڡ
ȣʲôѽҪϦŻ
ϾԼһЩԿЦĿ˵šǣϦı˿ûиı䣬շӳء
ϦŤͷٴαܿϵķ򣬵ſһĵطôһᣬڣ¶˾ƵĽͷתϣſ졣
ϣ㻹ǵСѧʱȫдľôǼټ򡭡
ʱЩˣϦҪ˵ʲô
ͬʱһЩѹĻҲǰһֺܸӵĸ顣жϦἰǶμеѹˣжϦǼڻеΡ
ôôٶ۰
϶Լеˣôʱ侹Ȼһ㶼ûзϦ͵顣
ʹкڲѣϻ뾡ԿĿش𡣿ǣ֪ΪʲôһĿڳͻȻñ׾
šǵáġ
ӲĻشԣϦͼ˵ȥ
ҸһѡϯԱ߿ǳʱϵǸϯһӿ˶԰ɡôԶҲȫϡ
š
ҿرġΪûҶܿһλӰȫûץסࡣңվԱߵĴɻô˵ӴǴ򲻵Ӧ׼Է·СԣҾ͸ˡ
Ǽһ˵ֻϿЦšǸݼΪöԷɾ裬ġ
֪Ϧĵͷ˵˵ġ
ף
šԣ˵֮ǰһ㶼ûݼʱǺܵģͨͨضŴȻ㣬ڶ򡢵ڶ򡭡ϣһʱ¾ͲԾĻᡣ
ϳԾϦ͵ϦйȻӿˮ
ңķǳжϦᣬš򴩹ⳡмɳȥʱһô˷ôĸжǸоڶ̫ˣǸ˲䣬˷ҿ϶һҲˡ
ʲôҲû˵ڣֻǾһֱϦ͡
ǾҪ򲿾ԭʱ飬һֱһٶһЩʱĸжԣҼ˰򲿣Ϊӵľ룬˾˵ʲôʱٴᵽֵĸжԡҼ˰򲿡Բϣ
ϦͻȻ˳
ʱҰЩ˵˺ϣԣһֱ˵ڣ
ϵϸֳεı飬ô˺ء
һֱʵģϦøڴĿⶢ˵ һֱ֪ġѿӰʱָжִģһֱһֱҪ˵ģ֪ģǣ˵ڣҹĲԲ𣬶Բ𡭡
˵ЩϦͷ˳Ҳ˵һˡæҵĸϦ͵ĺ󱳣ֱƽֻһֱϦ͵ıϲ뿪

 

ڶ	ڹ
5
ϻûŪװ򲿵Ķ塣ְѡѧͷβĶһ飬ϸе˼
дš

ҪҵĿʹֻһǾǹ˿͡˿;һҵʲôҵĶ岢Ǹơ³ּ̺飬ҪӭϹ˿ͶƷͷ˿͵һҵĿʹԣҪشǵҵʲôҪҵⲿҲǹ˿ͺгĹ۵?ʮҳ

ǻطͣͲǰǳڡ˿͡ϣк塣˿ָ͡ʲôأ
Ȼ˼ģôѹ˿ϵأڰ˵ʲôǡ˿ָ͡ʲôء
ѡѧȥ

ڹ涨ҵּҵʹʱ˭ǹ˿ͣҪؼ⡣ʮ~ʮҳ

˿ָ͡ǡ˭أ
˼š
򲿱Ͳӯ֯Ӧн׶󡢿ͻʲôĴڡȻбǻйڣˣǲûȡáңǮϵǸаǲĵĹ
ôڰ˵˭ǹ˿أȻӦָ򳡿Ĺô
оǲ̫Ծѽ򲿵Ķ岻ֻǡô򵥣ܾð򲿵Ĺ˿ָĹڡӦҲȷ
ѧڡ˭ǹ˿͡ôġ

ⲻһ׻ش⣬Զ׼ġλش⣬ں̶ܴϾҵι涨Լ

³˵ģⲻһ׻ش⡹ǣؼĴ𰸲ûиŪ޷ǰݴͣ϶ڹжľôһ޴ϰ

һ򲿵ĺ޾Ϳʼˡ˵ǺޣʵûԶУֻסѧУϰˡճ̰ҹ
κޣסԺеϦ⣬򲿵ȫԱμӡǣлӵгԱʶһ
޵ĵһ죬ȫԱǰһҽܡΣû̸Ѱ򲿴԰Ŀꡣ
˵ԭ򣬡˵Ҳᱻҷ񶨰ɡ뷨֮Ҫڴ֮ǰ˽һЩڰ顣ȣҪȥȥ˽⣬ȥѧϰڰĸָĶĿĻ֮˵Ҳٰɡôš
ǣϴӺ޵ĵһͿʼ˶԰򲿵Ĺ۲졣ܿ죬㷢һ飬ǹĳһԱǸԱɵնкܴӰ졣
ԱǳҰһɣ꼶λͶ֡һ꼶ʼϵĺһţ޿Ͷ֡
һѵʱһҲ档ʹϣҲǸ졢ҪڳϣʲôġͻȻͲӰʱҲ򣬲Ҳ߸һŸҲûеӡ
ǣֵһɣ˭Ҳû˵ʲôԱʲôҲ˵⣬ӵҲһֱֳĬ
ֹӵظһ֮·һ¿ĸǽ
һΣӵҪһɴΪע⵽һɵѵ̬ȶʲôģֻǴһЩ
һȴ˼ӵأװûߵһߡ
һ߿ŵףһȷʵ˼ӵصĻ¶ǵĺ˽Ĵڡ
ʹӵҲûȥһɡڼ䣬еһνӴǿرŶԷһֱž롣
֮סһ꼶ľʵ
ȣǳҰͬѧ¡
ȣš˱һ̧ͷϡ
ÿθ˵ʱһܾı飬ʹѾöΣ˵Ҳϰߡ
ǳҰΪʲôѵأ
ȣ
˵ΪʲôǸӣšҾãڶƵġ
ȣš
ˣʲôϵΪʲôǳҰһֱ̬أ
ȣš
ȣš˵Ŀͷʲô⣬һظԣΪȣš֮Ĵ𰸣һֱעˡǣ֮˽죬ʲôҲû˵
̲סˣڵ
˵Ү
ȣ
ңղţ⡹
ȣţԡԲ𣡡ٴαֳܾӣͷǸš
ʱͻȻһ۾ķת鿴ͻȻ෴ķ˳ȥ
˾ϵǰ˳ȥֻһ˲䷢¡סϾ˵ıӰ
޼ƿʩֻӳǳҲһԸڵӣǿǿ˵˳
ļʱ
ļʱһɱӵشͶϻ벻ͨԼΪʲôᱻ³
Ȼһȷʵʧ˷֣׷ԵӦҰֵʧԣΪûɻԼ
ɵʱô׵ıˡԺһֱɢ̬ȣǴʱʼġ
 
6
ʱһ±Ƶܶ顣ϸԱǵĽǲô˳۲ԱļƻҲûне˳ʵһֱӵͶһɻнӵ̸һ̸ҲʵĻᡣ
һǸ̶ͬһ𣬶һ˵ʱΧǻһ
һ棬ƼӵصķΧȻûеֲɽӽĳ̶ȣǸԱһĲһĸо
ӵزֻһɣԱҲһ롣ǰӵĽоǲɵˡˣҲûҵӵ̸һ̸
޵һ죬ϾԼ鶼ˣȴն˶ʧ䡣ȻûĻĳ̶ȣ춼ӣܹʧġ
ʹҲһ겻ٴóˡѧܾãлһЩʾܹĿǰ
ѧôãϵһһ뷨
ãʱ򣬾ͻصⱾϡ𰸿϶С
Ϊûʲôرɣֱֻˡ
ǣʮֱڲ˼˵ֱһֱǰǰҪ򵼡ҪеǸ
޵һ죬϶һʳš
˼ǣѧ֮ƽһʧȥһ˵ĸоԪֻصϡⱾ飬Լ
ϳĶУξ
ڿʲô
ͻȻʻ
ŵòϣתƳ档
ΪǲִɹŻվŵȴǴɡǶ꼶ĺѡ֣塣
ʶxģǺʱһγֵģǰϰвμӣΪļѵĶԱ֮һ
⣬xһܴжԱаġ
xˮƽ֮ͣѴﵽ˭ܿĳ̶ȡϰ˳ɡͶûͶԷǰġ
ʵ˵ھ֮¡ڼʱҲйͶx˵ĿҪһЩ
һ棬x澢ȴǳ͵ġѵʱǵһʱһ뿪
ңʰԱԸɵxͷȥһһ뿪򳡡
ʱϲûиxĹȽܵĻ⡣̸֮ȻйԼĿʲôȴһҲûΪΪ򲹵x˵ʲô԰ĻҲ޼°ɡ
x߽ʳãע⵽ʲôϸŷ޾ͽˣΪɢ׼Ϳʼɨһˣκ鶼Դ
xѧķ
ȣһ顣
ǵ³صô
ȣϳһ֪Ȿ飿
ֹ֪³صҲ඼xЩߵ˵Ĵ˿
һı鿴x
ôϤ³ص鿩
xı˵
Ҫʵġ㲻ڶѧôѵu־ҲǳΪȥץʩ`entrepreneurҵң
ȥץʩ`ʲô
㲻֪ȥץʩ`𣿥ȥץʩ`ǡ祦ҵң˼עֻͣ˶Ӧĺּ壩
祦
祦ǣҵˡдҵҡָҵˡ˵糤ҸոʴuҲҪ˾ô
һҲһãȻĻش𡣡ղ˵ҲAͬѧ־ԸǳΪ糤ô
ǡxͦؽƵĴҽҪԼҵ򲿣ҲΪ
ȣɻĳʲô˼
֮xʼϽͼ򲿵ɡ
Сѧʱ־ҪԼҵΪһҵҡΪʵ룬Ҳ׼֮һǴӸ򲿡
ǣʶձӵСϵľԽĹʮ
ձҵңϵرࡣЩҵУкܶ඼ѧʱ˶ŵ˼ʹϵΪչġ
ң˶ںܶೡ϶ܵӣίΡͻӾҵƸСҵļ˲ŵʱвμ˶ž˺ռơ
Ҳ򲿡
xֱУһֱ˶ԵӶģߴ˼ʹϵļɵȷ濼ǣ˶ŶԽʮֱҪġȻ󣬶ԼŵоȻձԵ˶ȽϺãԼ˰򲿡
ЩڳԾ֮еʮ֮ǰδ˵Ϊɶ򲿡ңʹôκ˶ͷľ̫塣
ԭԭɶϣxһ㲻˼
ûʲô˵ġ㲻ҲڶѧôΪҵңûбҪɣ
бҪϳϵĻش𡣡ҶⱾ飬Ҫйġ
λxһ顣˵ʲô
ѽеƵĻش𡣡Ϊ˭ǡѽνҪйôҪ򲿵ġ
ϵĻxһᣬȻ߲ϵ͡ѧǱ֮Ѳ
򲿵ŮҪ򲿡ˡѧùѧ֪ʶȥ򲿡
֮xͻȻһļٵģŶЦ



 
7
xЦһʱ䡣
ϵɫȴȵxЦˣʵ
ʲôЦģ
xһЦ˵šҾŮùѧʲô̫Ȥˡ
ҲڿЦСšġ
ǸxŻæĽƵ˵ҵȻ֪ġҲȡЦ㣬Ϊ֪ĲЦġ
ΪʲôҪЦ
ΪȤx˫ĿųâŮùѧ֪ʶʲôû˵ͦ˼ѽ˵Ϊʲôûأ̫˼ˡһָҵҲ˵ֻд˿ԲġѧڸаķӪ֯ϲٺòô!
ϲûŪx˵Ļʲô˼һ㣬xЦɫڻʱͻȻʲôʵ
Ǹʸô
ʲô
˵Ҳѧǰɣ
Ȼˡxͦذͷ˵Ҷĵһ³ءҷüġҲֻдuⱾ桷շеġ桷ҲŶ
ô¡
ʲô
򲿵ġ˿͡˭

һֱңôҲŪסⱾдšҪҵĿʹֻһǾǹ˿͡˿;һҵʲôôġ˿ָ͡ʲôҪݹ˿ͲȷʲôӦʲôĲǣ㣬Ҫġ˿ָ͡ʲô˾һҲˡ
šϵʣxıҲ
ҿһ¡xùġѧķšѧдġ

һʱڽӹܿǿ˹˾λ¹ķеʦ˹?˹(Nicholas Dreystadt)ش˵ǿˣˣͬʯƤھǿĲһ֡乤ߡǡλشڿǿ˹˾˥ʱҵʱУܵʱʱڣΪΪĳɳеҵ֮һ

οʵĻӦ֪˭ǹ˿͡˰ɡ
ʲô˼
˵³ضĶ岢ֻǼ򵥵ġ乤ߡ񿨵ǿ˹˾丽ӵǡλԡ
š
˹?˹ڡ˿˭˼ǾͿˡƵʯƤµĹ˿͡һ𰸺󣬾ܹóǿ˹˾ĸǡλһ塣
֮Ƶģڰ򲿵£Ҫҳ˿˭ܵó򲿵ʲôӦҪʲôˡ
ţ˵ϵıԼ꡸ҾΪ֪˭ǹ˿͡ŵ򳡿Ӧòǹ˿ͰɣԶ׼Ĵǲȷģϲôдô
xȴһƽ˵
ûбҪʲô¶ƴȥġȷʵûĹȡãǣҲȫ޳İɣ϶Ϊ˰򸶳Ǯ˵ûгǮҲ˴ڰɡ
xô˵ͻȻʶȫûпǹ

ԣЩ˵򲿵Ĺ˿δɰɡΪûЩˣҲнİˡ
š˷ܵؿxô˵ҲΪĸǹ˿ͰɣΪĸǸѧѣǲܹѧܲμŻġ
xңŻصġʦǣСѧУҲԿǹ˿Ͱɡ
ô˵ĻΪѧУṩѵġҲɹ˿ˡ
šϽ˰ġҲǹ˿͡
ԭô£ϼĵʹͷôаˡҲǹ˿ͿΪ԰Ǿٰ
ԡȫġаԡҲӦǹ˿͡ȻûֱӸǮΪϲۿĶֽڸаţտصӽĿŻṩʽ԰Ӫ
ţĻиайص˶Կǹ˿͡
ʱԺʲô뷨ۿҪ
һԤУܹ򲿾ʲôһָо
һƳֱֱϸоԼֽӽһ
ǣһʱȴû취ʹǴ޷
ֽǾߵȴôҲ벻ָо
Ѿزˣ
ʱx˵Ļ
֮⣬Ҫǡ򲿶ԱҲǹ˿Ӵ
ȣϾȵxô˵ģ
ǰɡxһӦı顣ûǣ򲿾ͲˡûȰĸǣǼ԰Ҳ޴̸ˡԣǶԱǰҵԱҲĹ˿͡
һ˲䣬ϾԺ˼һӱߵĴֳ򲿵Ķô˳
ж
ϴšxһԾؿ
ʲʲô
ĵĶx͵
ж˿ϣӰ򲿵õĶǡжǸĸʦѧУаˡȫİԻǶԱϣӡ򲿡ܵж
šȷx˼һ˵ͺȤȷʵһ˼а롺жôҲϵϵѽаʷ˵һɸждʷҲ֡аĻôĸжЩ˷θĶʹĸаܹչӰԶ
Ҵ˰ɣ˷ּ͵ͷ˵֪һλڰѰжĹ˿ͣԣǹ˿ͣң׷ѰĶǰ򲿵Ķ塣ԣӦǡ˿͸ж򲿵Ķǡ˿͸ж֯

 
8
һ򲿵ĶȷҪıǾȷĿꡣǾǡ԰
ԭֻһ˵Ŀꡣ԰򲿶˼һ̣Ϊ򲿵Ŀ걻˳
Ϊ԰ƥ䡸˿͸ж֯һĿꡣ󣬼ĳɹ԰жΪ֮ж
ȷ˴Ŀڿ֮ȻһĿʱδ˼ڵó򲿵Ķ塹ڣȴǳֱ֤ȷԡ
ĿѾȷһҪ˼ĶгӪMarketingѧһ¼

ҵĿǴ˿͡ĿǴ˿ͣҵְֻܣгӪʹ¡ֻгӪʹܹóɹһҳ

ѧôд

֮ǰᵽгӪʱָͨ֯еĳۻȻǳۣȻǴǵĲƷ׷ȻǵггӪǴӹ˿Ϳʼġ˿͵ʵʡ˿͵Ҫ˿͵ļֵ۳ⲻǡҪЩʲôǡ˿ҪЩʲôǵĲƷһЩЧá˿׷ӺҪһЩ㡣һҳ

һΣʶԼѾʼгӪˡ
˵ѯϦ͡ΪʲôҪ򲿾õҪܵжĴ𰸣гӪ
ǴϦλ˿͵ġʵʡҪֵ۳ģԲƵˡ˿͸ж֯һ塣
ٱͨٵĺ۲򲿵жҲгӪ
Ͼٰ޵ĳ㲢ǡѰ򲿴԰ָΪ˹۲һԡǡǵĲƷǡӹ˿ͿʼԱΪ˿͡׷ӺҪһЩ㡹ʲô㣬ȻݵĽʼйôġǸʱûʶԱǼǹ˿ͣѾչгӪ
ֻЩûлԵЧٵĺ޲ûΪЧгӪ
磬һ꼶Ů˵ڻûϳ飬ʲôҲûʳ
ٱȻûиӳǳ뽻ܸо֮ƺһ۾ǽڡȻʱش𣬵ЩȻûоϸ˼ѿڶġһֱδ״ôɡ
ӵظǳҰһ֮ĸҸᶼ⡣
УΨһչ˳ֻжԶгӪ֪ĿǡΪҵҡϣջļֵǡģ
гӪӪĳɹȻֻССһѾ֤ʵԼȷʵǰš
ԣϾһСһСĻۣгӪǣ޽ȥ̽סԺϦ͡һ㱨޵һһ½гӪĲԡ

ôܸõ˽ҵĵʵʡҪͼֵأôܴӴʳ˵βȺ̵˶Լſ飿Щ⣬ϣԴϦõһЩĽ顣
ϵĳϦ¶һƵı顣
ϣҾûô̵ġ
ǡˣڲʲôǳˡȣš֮ʲôҲشٽȥĻϴȻˡ
ϦͺǺǵЦ
϶̫ˡΪرһϤͻʮֿʣϲġ
Ϧͣ˹ϵܺô΢еԾ
˵ϹϵرãͨĽǿԵġ
ô˵Ǹʲôأ
ѽǸԽܺõˡ
ô
ǵġѧԿʼеĿһֱǵһġ
ôѽ
ԴҶ˵϶ܿġ
ǰû˵¡
аٿαѧʵҲرߡԱʲôģһξȫסˣ߹飬˭˵Ķǵһֱ൱ܸоԵĹ˲һ
šǣΪʲô˻Ϊ򲿵ľأ
ҲûʹȻ̶ֳȵʳڰɣ˵ȷʵһǽƵġ
ǰɣȻϦҲôáô֪֪顣
ѽ˺ܴͬʱҲһر̵ĵط
Һ֪
֮ǰһŭˡ
ŭΪô
ţ˵ˣ˵Լŭġ
ʱոռ򲿣ΪĴͶ˵ȻŵܴҲǻʲôô˵ģʱǴĵԲ˵Ļ
ţס
ʱͻȻСҲŲʲôŵ
˴У
ţԣʱҲһءٳҶһǿء
ȡ
Ȼʶ̫ˣرΪ飬˲͸ˣһˡ
Ҳӡ
ԣ˵ŵǽɣȻºҲڷʡ
ţԭй°

ţǹڽӵص⡣Ϧôش
ѽηηŵġ
ηηţ˭
ԡԱǡ
ԱΪʲô
š
ϦͶϽ֮ǰӼӵԱǱ־Եɡ
ӵسϣʮ߰꣬νʦǳ̸ߵıҵͬʱҲǰ򲿳ġ
ʲôҵû˵
šңǶҵġ

̸߱ҵڼ׼һ꣬˶󡣶ңڴѧʱҲǰԱ֮ΪĳЩԭصĸУʦ
Ϊʲô
˵֮ġ
룿
šӵʦǣΪа򲿵ĽӴ԰
ʲô൱ȡΪʲôôûиɾָأ
ΪյѧУʱһ¡
յ̸ʱӵػǰ򲿵ΪָεġΪǸʱѾһˡ
ǣܿλͱˡԭѵʱԶԱʹ˱ҳͶˡ
鷢ĺܲʱΪһ巣ܶӦ÷ϳʲôġǸʱ򣬱ҳͶˣѧУ˭û취ӡ
Ȼأ
ȻλʦΪ˳еβֻ뿪ڰ򲿣ѧУĹˡǼӵʦΪλĺߣ˽һְ
Ϧ̾˿˵
Ǽ¶ԼӵʦܴΪӵʦһֱ𾴡λʦԣλʦĴְԼԼĽζоܲġ
Ϊʲô
оͺλʦǱԼϳȥƵġ£ӵؽԼѾõİӽ
š˵źġǣΪʲôָԱأ
˵ԶԱηηŵġ
Ϊʲô
ҪѵǣһԼҲô졣
ϴסˡʲôѽҲס
ϦʹԱ˵ı˵
Իˣ֪Ӧôźá֪Ӧָҡ
ʹñɻ˵
ͻȻеʮϦͣһ
ϦѽʦԸ㳨飬㽲Щ
ǲǳҲ֪ǽЩ顣
֪ôñԸߣõڡ֮Щ¶ܽˡھָоҾã̸֮뵽һЩĲԡʵĸⶼͷ㣬򲿵Ūˡ
ô˵ţͻȻ
ˣ˵Ϧˣ
ȣϦ;ȵϡʲô
гӪڱصõ˵ΪԹǶʧˡҪϦܹʳĻͺˡöԱһһ㣬ȻûѯǵʵʡҪͼֵۣҪܳɹĻٺòˡأڰ߰ż¼ͺáҪԱ߲еĻͶ㵽ǱߵĹȥˣֻҪгӪܳɹͺáӣ˵ܴǳҰǴʲô
 

 гӪ
9
Ǵ̸ϾͿʼо׼԰򲿵гӪ
ҪȡϦ͵ĸףﾸɡ
˵ҪϦҪʮԱһ̸ڻסԺڵϦ˵ǲСĸңҪ̸ݲֻճ̸ô򵥣ҪʳǵʵʡҪͼֵһɵĹ
ʹǺˬĴӦˡ
ΪʮϡֻҪ϶Ϧ͵ԼδܾСʱֻҪϵ棬ܻĻӭúд
ϳΪ򲿾һҲûиı䣬Դϵ̬˵ǰᡣʱ򣬶Ҫ󣬾Ȼˡ
ţҪýӵصɡ
ӵ˵ӵ˵ϴ˾ٵĿŪ׶Աǵķպռϣ̾ʹӦˡ
ӵԼҲԱ֮иǲòӵ⡣ֻǣƾԼǽģܹϦ͡ΨһһλԼĽŮΪԱǹͨҲĿԼҵľҲ˵
ңϻӼӵԱڡ̽աݼٵɡʵԭϰʱݼûнɴҲ⣬ϴĵ׾ⲻǸϰߣһҪԣӵȡ˴ҵݼɺչж
ٽһһԱȥ̽ϦˡϱΪٻм˾ܾϵȫԱͬˡ浱ȻҲһɣһҪȥ̽ϦͶʹĴӦˡ
ϾãֳȻҲпǴҪ̵ѵĽڣҪĻϦ͵Եðɡ
һֱϦ͵Ĳ飬Աϣȥ̽ȥΪŮܸ̽оôһֿΣ룬Ϊṩһܺõ
ϸϦֳ˶Բߡ
ôʻķȫȨϦˡԱһһȻѯʳҪõϢһα䵽ϦϡϦٴȷǿһ㡣
ǣ԰ӵгӪʹĻȵ˶Աǵѵճ̣һһĽԱϦ͵Ĳʱ䶨ΪһСʱңڼϦҪʳڰ׷ʲôҪʲôкϣȵȡ
ϺϦͰһгӪΪΪ̸̸̽̽ĵһһ꼶ľˡ
ΪȻҪƽ԰򲿵ĹѰͬΪŮ˵ЭǱزٵġȻλԱЭǱҪģԼദʱõˣõһҪ

޽ʮңļ԰Ļһ죬һ̸̽ʼˡԱϴˣϦ͵ֱĿڱֱ⡣
ˣ㡣
ȣ
ΣϦͣ΢Щţֱͦ˺󱳡
ҪгӪ
гӪô
ԡҺҪѯʰ򲿵ĳԱǡμӰҪõʲô
ȣ
ҵĴΪο԰򲿽йʱ򣬴ҵǺҪġҵôģҪʲôǷǳؼ⡣ݴҵ뷨ƶ򲿵Ĺ
ȣ
ԣϣҲһæ
ȡ𣿡
㣬ϦϹЦݡΪҲǰ򲿵ľѽ
ȣ
ôҪ㼸⡣˼Ҫõʲôأ
ȣҪõġô
š԰ʲôϣչ˵ԼʲôҪҲԡˣμӰҪõʲôأ
ȣ
ʱ˷·˳˼һʱ˳Ĭü죬һҪҵʲô𰸡
óһʱڿ˿ڣش
ûûʲôرҪġ
һ߹ע˶ԻйҲ
һֱڲעһǣ˵̸ǣ˵Ļش󣬻޷ƾɥı鸡ϡ
ȻϦҲû취׳˵Ļ
ôһһʷϦ͵ıȴûʲô仯ʵΪʲôҪأ
ȣ
򲿵ʲôأ
ɡ
˽Ӳ¡ƿЩšʱ͵͵̽Ϧ͵ı飬ֽıϡ
ֱ֣һоЩٶ۵϶̲ʲô⡣
ʲôҪ˵ǻԥҪҪڣ
ٵһᣬ˵˵ЩʲôôŵʱϦͻȻ
֪ˣ
ϳԾϦ͡
ģΪʲôٵȵ˵˵ѽ
Ϧûһ߲ϣֱ˽˵
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ȣ
㿴㲻ŵôԳɼһǵһԣӵ۷濼ǣǲμЩŻȽϺðɡΪԭ򲿵ô
ϵԲ˫ۿϦ͡
ŵϦ˵ʲôǸʲ˵ĽôǣϦûͣ£˵
ŵȻѽΪάۣҪֵزòѴľ档Ȼ˵ʲôŵ
ҲŲŵ

ϣ˴ⶼõݴͣŵĻ͸ˣ»ʿǻι˽˿ռľᵣĵܹ
Ȼһע⵽˵ıɢ۾ˮŴŵҪƵ̶
˾ʪضϦ͡
Ҳʲôŵֻˣ
ȣϦ͵ı޸ı䣬˵˫˵ô˵ʲô˼أ
ҸȫʲôŵҲʲôˣǸͨˣҲѪҲҺúദѣ
ˡϦͽʵ
еʱ򣬴ô˵ңûһڣ˴Щ˵ûб飬ֻгɼãࡣ˵ǻˣûѪҺĻˡԣȻɼãȴûкѡʱǱô˵ֻһֱһֱǶô˵
ôϦͽʡôΪʲôҪأ
ǡһ˲ԥ˵ѣΪѣҲΪЩõ£
Ҳ̲סˣ˳
ϲϦͣ
ȣϦԲ۾ԾؿˡҲһľȡ
һ߿һ߽˵
ҡһֱϦѧ㡣ҲܹϦѧΪҷ񡭡ҲҺúദһֱһֱҳΪѣҡҡĲʲôŵϦѧô˵ҡҡ
ǸʱϦͻȻӲ첽ˡ˺϶һ
Ϧס˵֣˵
Բ˵̫ˡ˵Щ˵Ļ˵ģԲ𡣡ԺҲ˵ֻˣԭ𣿡
ʱϦ͵۾ȻҲʪˡϦ˫˫ͫˡ
ĿתĻϦͣ۵һ˳ֱֱ˽Ϧ͵Ļ
Ϧͱˣ˵ķ˿ȻתϵķԿ˵Բ𡹵ǸĿϡ
ʱΪϦ۷ֻǴĿӵˡ

 
10
ȫ֮û뵽˻˵ĻԾǣϦ;Ȼô˵ʷʽ
ϦͽѾʮˣ⻹һμϦͱ˵ķʽʻ˽Ϧ͵һ档
뿪󣬲ֻʣϺϦˡ˽˶̸̽ĸᡣ
ʱϦͶԼʻʽ̵ķʡ
Լһ˵ұû˵ֻġ
Ϧסŵ֮Ļ˺ˣ֮ǰûҪ顣ǣȻ䲻Ծ˵˳
£ô͵ġ
ƴˡңʱƴȥʵġΪϰиңϣԼ𵽵áϣ˵ĻҲʲôʱѾ˵ֻ
Ҫ𣬡˵Ȼ˵ҲССһҲˡӽȷʵ˵ĻҾܺѽΪ˵ҲӦǺ¡ΪԺҲĶǳ˲ô
ô˵
죬ֱϦһֱҷʡš
ķչȷʵ˵Ժ˵̬ת䡣شϵʱֻǡȣÿζıԼ
ΪˣڼϺϦͶԶԱһһĽ̸̽ңȡĳɹ˲˽⵽֮ǰ붼벻ĶԱǲΪ֪һ档
˵ӳǳ뷨ôͼ򲿵ɵġ
ѽΪ˼Լʵ׵ʲôˮƽ򲿵ġ
ڰһ൱ɫĶԱʵѷɫΧ԰еʽԱ
ʵϣеʱкܶ˽ѧȥͶһһܾˡͰĲμѧԣȻ˳̸ߡ
ɣô˵ġ
һֱȻΪְҵѡ̫ûʵˡ
öᵽʵСʡ
ԼʵûдﵽΪְҵѡֵĳ̶ȣԣǵĳ·ͨһسѧʵʵѧϰ뷨˳̸ߡ
̸ߺ󣬺ڵͷð˳
ҽ˽ѧУĻԼܷչʲô̶أ
һֱ
ԣΪҵ𰸣˳̸ߵİ򲿡ڰԼʵԼԵôĸ߶ȡ
ԣϰʱ˭Ŭ벿úͳΪʽԱܿ챻ϿΪӵѡ֣ڱѡΪӶӳ
ȷʵҲԼķա
ΪĥԼʵ򲿵ģΪӳòڷչ˴ңʵ˵ǸСĸ
ԣȥĻʲôҲˡԵĻϣԴǵӳְ񡪡˵ЩĴϺϦͼʶΪ֪һ档ǴδһֳʵĴڶӳһְ񾹻ᱧ뷨
£ڸпͬʱҲΪʲô֮ǰԼദʱ̬ô䵭롣

˴֮⣬һʽԱҰ֡꼶ľĻҲϺϦʹһ
˵ΪʽԱܷգΪʽԱĻɼġ
ֻǴڷصķҲáȻΪʲôܹΪʽԱأɿֻΪٶȰɡ
ٶġٶȿ첢ͨϵĿ죬ȫУٶȿѹﾶӵĶԱΪȫУһ
ԣ꼶󣬼ȻȻıΪʽԱңʱٶȾʤĵչĽų̣ҲΪӵʤ˹ס
ֻǣȻϣܹڳϸӻԾɱԼȴΪ̫ݵĻᡣһΪߣǷչղѵĳ̶ȡ
ʱǲӦ˳򲿡̸̽ʱ˵бҸʺʽԱˡҵŵҲֻٶȿһѡԣҲڿǵﾶúáʵﾶҲҵġĻҲ˰ɡ
ϺϦ붼û˲ԸʽԱЩ൱Ծ

˻һ꼶ė@v֮δչֵһ档˵Ϊ޷ϲϰԼܷա
v֮ļͥǰңǼУС˾԰ԱΪĿ˵Ӧ¡һУʵСѧһֱʽԱ
ر԰ĸоʮжҲһġ̸ߺֵλҲûиı䣬ļʱȻֻһѡ֣һֱΪԱȷ
ͻȻʶҴûоðȤ
һֱѰ򵱳ӦҵУԼȴδǲϲ
ļʱʧʼ˼⡣
ʵļһɱ滻³ԭǳڵv֮ϡǼ飬˵õv֮еһᵽ۵ζΪԼʧ󣬲˱öԱ˸ҡ
ʱ򣬵v֮ŵһ˼ԼΪʲôҪ򣿡ǣһҲû
ԣԼǷӦü˳ɣμӻʱҲһ㶼ܲȤΪһա
ôΪʲôû˳أȻлġΪСһֱڴ򣬸оԼ˰ҲûʲôˡΨһĳҲˣԼǲǾһǴأv֮еܲ
ϺϦʹ˽˶Աǵĸ̸ͨ̽һһˣһһε˽⵽ġ

 

11
һ̸̽ӵͶ֡ǳҰһɡ
һɰΪһɿܻѶԸһ
ɰֲгյԪһɡһȴ򲿶˲Ӱ졣
Ҫ׳Ļһ൱ѣȸԱ̸һԸ
ɳϵǣһɵ̸еʮ˳̬ʮֿʣԥĽ˺ܶԼ¡ֹˣ̸ʱʱĽЩЦϺϦͶˡ
һȻоеʧ䣬ȴ˿һ˲ֻ档ֻһɣӵÿһԱ̸жչ벻һ档
ңǴ඼ɵİԼʵ뷨˵˳˶˵յȽ֮⣬ԱԷػرԼ뷨
һϦ͸ѯʷʽһԱҲϣϦͿԸ˽ԼһҲһ̸֮̽ǰһֱִΪһֲദˡһʼ˽ӡϾ͸ıˡһʵʱش𣬺׽ˡ
Ҳ̬ʱһ漰ʱһɵתˣô˵ġ
Ǹ£û취򡣡
ӳǳ˵ģһɵڻļʱ鹢ڻ֮ǰԽĴ٣ļìܼˡ
Ǹ˸
һɶݺݵ˵
ǸһҲ˽Աǵ顣ͶôסҴûҪֵv֮ʧΪֲǸʧȼ˶־ǳȴʵ䷴ȫͶȴˣҶöԲv֮ԣҪúסģȫע׼ͶġɾǸʱͻȻͱʱʲôô
̸̽ʣµʱһһֱڱԹŶӵĲ󣬼ֱɵɧˡ

һɻȥϺϦڲһɵ̸̽˷ʡᡣȿڵϦ͡
ҾǳҰСӡϦ˵Ǳ˼ҾСƵĵҺ̹ʡԣʲôȫֱӵıϡǿĵĻ⣬رˣĻ⣬ϾˡֱӱΪˡ
šϵͷȷʵء
ԣʹֱŤΧҲر⡣ΪǹҪ鷳ģֻеί˳Ҷһ㣬ԺѶ
ţԣġ
һֱϦ͵ķʵʵİе뷨ϦͣһʲôѯʣʲôĻҲֱԲ䡣
ôɵģǲοˡѧһеһ½ڡѧôдġ

ҪͨԵĹʹгɾ͡ʮҳ

ʹгɾ͡ǹһҪΪһһֱ˼ʹԱгɾ͡
ǣ򲿳ԱԼΪܵĹϦͱϵһʹгɾ͵Ķ󡣶жĲοȻǡѧһ顣ôдģ

ڹʹȡóɾ͵ĿܡһУλġʮҳ

ܹȡóɾ͡ȡóɾôдġ

ΪʹְܹȡóɾͣȱܹеϵΡҪ󣺣1ԵĹ2Ϣ3ѧϰʮҳ

ԴΪοΪϦ͵Ĺ¹滮
ҪʹĹԡԣҪġгӪ
ΣϢķ̸һ𿪷ʡᣬԼۺ뷨ʵĵĴϦ͡ңԼжԱҲܷ
ϦĳѧϰҲز١ֹҲͬһˡѧΪܸõյԱ˵Լҽο鼮ң븸ĸҲ㷺෽ռϢ
ϦͱеԼϵΡ
ңɾ磬Ϧ˵̸ʱ϶ԾѵʻʽϦ͵θʹȻǴ̸ķʡϣϦԼҲ̹ԡΪϰиңϣԼ𵽵áǿҵθϦչֳµһ档
Ϧ͵Ĺȡ˳ɾ̸ͣ̽Ҳ˳ɹ飬Ӽᶨ϶ڹ򲿵ģʹԽѧһ顣


 

12
˶һɵ̸̽ڶѧҲǰˡΪ԰򲿵ĹӦýڶ׶ˡ
רעڡ֯Ҫ֮ǰԼһ˸ĹɶɵŶһɡرǽӵأϾӦôõЩο
Ҫ˵ӵǰҪҲ֡ǰ򲿵ĺĴҵԱҪĹ˿ͣҴϽҲоĺô
ûмӵصЭҪ˵԰򲿵ĹԽȥ
˼ܹӵصĺϵѧеһøʾѧԼӵԱ˵
ǱΪרҵԱ

רҵԱҪһλԱҪ֪ʶרͬ֯ĳɾͺͳɹ֮Ĺϵ⡣ˣרҵԱһϢش⡣ĲܳΪ˵Ͷ룬ͲȡЧĲ˼ϢҪĲʹ˽ͼ˵ĺʲô
ǣ˵רҵʵϣ£רҵΨһӦõһԡ˽⣬ͲȡЧҪ˽⣬ͱŬȥġ˿֯͡˵Ҫ
Աʹר˽⵽һ㡣֯Ŀ귭רҶõԣרҵĲԤʹ߶õԣǹԱĹһҳ

һζһʱϱ㾪ڼӵ롸רҵԱơʵ̫ϼӵصˣдĲǼӵôɡ
дģӵǡӵؿڶˣרҵ֪ʶʮַḻͰѯÿʮϸĽ𣬻شǰ˴İ֪ʶϢ
£ϲЩݡԭ򣬼ӵصĻشʹôġרҵңǻǻֲͬרҵһǰרҵһѧϰɼĺѧʹõһЩӻɬĴʻ㡣ԣǺ⡣
ԼӵصĲ޷Ϊ֯Ͷ룬Ĺ޷ȡЧӵصĹ޷Ĺ˿ͣҲǶԱǵҪ
ֹˣԱǵ󡪡Ҳǹ˿͵ҪҲ޷աԣŻᷢļһ顣
ѧôһ

仰˵רԱԼĲͬ˵ĹרҵԱȻΪȡЧҪһλԱԱȴ˾Ĺߣ򵼣Ա
ĳֽǶרҵԱʵǶӦáڡĹԱģӦǽʦͽҡһҳ

һγԾˡ
ӵزǵġʦͽߡô
ˣȷˣΪӵصķߡҲǰ֯Ŀ귭רҵԱõԣΪרҵԱġߡ򵼡ԱԼ
ٽʱϦһӵػ㱨̸̽ĽΪɣӵ뵽Ϧ͵Ĳ
ϲû㱨Աǵ뷨ԸرǹһɵġҪ˽ǣļʱǴںֿһɵģǼڵôġ
ǰʮһţڶѧڿʼӡϺͼӵһϦ͵Ĳ
ȣϦ㱨̸̽ԱǽĹУԼʵʡҪֵ۵ϢķΧڴ˼ӵء
֮Ͽ˹һɵĻ⡣ļʱһɵ뷨ºĸܡԼ԰򲿺ͽĿ֮һһ˼ӵءȻõһɵԭǾתֲıԭĺޱĸ
ϵӵ˻ش
һֱ֪ǳҰġӵ㶵˵Ϊܵ@ʧӰ죬ƻԼҪ³ҲŰġ
ϳԾʡȣǣԺǳҰһֱôϰʱҲ棿
ǴǰһֱǸ𣿲СƢôһֱûʶ
һӦеҲסˡӵص׸Աǵľ뵽жԶٶҲи޶ȰɡȻ֪Լһ񾭴ɸӵرȻǲԶء
ҪĻǾͺðˡӵز˽һɵ뷨⽩ֵԭĻô᲻ܽô
ǣ
ܸһ̸һ̸ôͰղŽĻͺáҾĻǳҰᣬҲѵ
ӵһᣬһôƵƵĿ˿
ô˵أ˼֮ȷʵᡣԼҲĲܵòĵطһҳϡɽӵֵ̬ǽ˵ԺĿ˵ǳҰ̸˻ôأҿˣܹôпܷʹǵĹϵӲҲ˵ԣתͿ˰ɣֱ˵Ļǲ̫ðɡɲϲߡ
ӵؽһɣǾֱܾһ̸
߼ӵغķʡᣬǿʼ̸̽ѹֵһΡ
˵˵ǸǲѽһΣټȿ˿ڡôɣӱ⡣
ȷʵأϦͬϵĹ۵㡣ң̬ȻǳҰӹִءΪǳҰôܺú̸̸ĻһĽ͵ġϧ
ǡתĻſܲЧġ϶ὲлԼֱ˵ʲôģȻġ
ʹϻǾá롹ΪһҪǱ㽫ӵصĻһɡ
һޱš޷ж׽Ӳܼӵصֽ͡˵ֻӦһˡҲû˵


 
 ּڳΪרҵķ
13
ٽڶѧˡ
ڶѧʼ＾ͨơ＾ϾҪʼˡ＾ϼӵһβμʽҴ˴δĳɼ봺԰أʮҪ¡ԣҲȻȻĽ
ǣϵķӦ෴ģȻû˿Ľ˵ûǰ˶ȱϯϰôμѵĶԱӱӣǾȱ˵ĳݣ˸оܲ
رǵĹؼǳҰһҲûвμѵһζһɵĽſڣҪȱϯԭ򡣿һȴ״̬ѡôиɾΪڣûȥμϰ
תۼһܾ͹ȥˣܿ͵˵һӡ
αһɱָΪ׷Ͷϳ϶һŸоìܡ
ôμѵ˱ŵ׷ô붼е㲻̫ﻹһһ꼶Ͷ֣ҊoƽϰһŬĻűȽȻɣҸӹƽôš
һɳĻпһ֮˳򲿡ԣİӦҲǿǵ㡣
뵽ץסߵˣԹ
ǳҰ̵ɡ
ʱһȻƵĳˡʱȴϰʱһ־ͺˣͿԺ޹ǵôo׷ˡϸеʮìܡ
һɵ׷ֻϣĶԱҲ΢ʡЩμѵĶԱǡرǲְľɣȻû˵ڣȴһݴͣǰİһֲгա
һʼһɾͶһǺ
αĶ̸֣ͬһǶڵһͨС
＾жʮѧУȽЩΪʮĸС飬еԤѡԤѡʤĶΧ＾̭̭гɼõһѧУԽ봺԰
ȷʵһĵ·ȱӵԤѡӱζҪȡʤ
ԣһʤֵһᡣһɵıʵǲòȻûμӶѵͶȴ൱Ư
ǰһһֶûöõҶͬҲû˺ƶֵķߣȷһֱ00ӭ˵߾ֵĺԷ
֮ǰҶܵ÷ֵĻⳡҲȫͬӡ
عʱ龰Ǹ̾˵棬ǳԳ̸˵Ҫת۵㡣Ǽ£ıպ򲿵ˡң߾ǰҷѾ÷˵ĻҲǼͲᷢˡ
һһʼһλˡңһͬǰǸλė@v֮ʧɵġ
v֮ļﷸʧ󣬵һһ겻ԪסǴʧһɱ滻³ʱź˰ֲгա
ˣȴٴηͬĴ󡣰һʱ˳صС϶ԱѡϯϵĴҶЩ֪롣Ӧðοʧ˵ĵv֮ȴһʱ֪ôڣֻôվš
	
ӾѡϯϵŸλĵv֮ôԶĿv֮׵ɫ
תվͶ̨ϵһɡҲͬǣıȴûʲô仯ûȥοv֮ҲûֳʲôΪֻעһĴߡ
ʱһ˵Ļ
ҴûҪֵv֮ʧΪֲǸʧȼ˶־
ڿ϶Ҳɡ
ĻôҲûʲôɵĵ˰ɡɳϵǣһûͶ
ԽĴߣͶĻĸ򣩱ݣһ߻Ļͣγ˳ݵľ档
ӵؽͣɴԱͶָһٶǡǡ෴ãһɵԽͶˡҽͶĻͣ϶Ա½رݣ͸Է֡
չֵزʹǴ䲻һҲ޷ˡǵͨ죬ŭĲͣҡż򣬽·ŪͶ̤塣
϶һɵ黹һ֪ҲûжйгӪĻҲ
һǶԵv֮ʧͶɡ
һ˾޴ת䣬˵ĽǶȷʵ޷⡣
ˣϻһ㣬һɲˣƢ֮ͨǰϦһе̸̸϶һɵԼԸһ˽⡣ԼԼģϴܹһͶԭ
һҲΪ̫ѹסԷˣе˼ϣͶˡ߿ô˵ٴα³Խ꣬¾͸޷Ͷˡ
뵽ϵĵĿ˿ѡϯԱߵļӵء
һٱȥĻһˡ
ʱԼΪ롹ӦְԼӵ˵
 
14

ţ
ǸǳҰͬѧ
š
ǸͶǹ⡭
˵ǹġ԰ɣ
ȣ
ǹͶĻ͵ģ˵԰ɡһ㣬Ҳ׵ġ
ף
ʶ˻ȥӵҲ⣬ʼ˵
ʵǴ̸ҲзʡԼ֮ǰѯ¡
ѯѯʲô
ǡνġͶֵ须ҸѧʱͶִ˵绰ǳҰ˵ҡ˽Ͷֵ须ô?
š
ЩҾÿǸӡҰСѧʼиֱѧһֱҰ֣ҴʱǺ򲹣Ҫ˵ˣͶֺʽԱҲô˽ءԣڵ绰˺ܶ£νͶֵ鵽ôء
ȡ
˵Щһӡġ
ôľ仰أ
ţ˵ûлͶĻ򣬱ͶݵͶ֡
ϳԾġһ˵Ĳô
ѽҲһ˵ĻͶκһͶ˵ĳ裬ûͶֻģΧȴһ㡣Ͷ˵ʹѽ
ʲô˼
šͶĻ͵ͶѽѡϯϵĶԱҰֿ϶Եġңǿ϶˵˵ǻаɡߡηһĻ
ʱ򣬲ְľվͶϵһɺ
ǳҰɵ㣬ǻаɣҪŷذ
ӵ
ӵؽ˵ͶְһҪ񣬻߲ŷزͶĻкܶԭرͶأԽǲͶ򣬾ԽͶˡ
ӡ
˵ĹһͶĻͣȷֱ06̸ʧһֵĻ߷־ͻγЧսˡ
ǸϿڵ󣬲Ҫ˵һô
ţӵеֵؿϡΪʲô
첻˴ɡľͬѧ˵ĻҾôҶ׽ղ˵ġͶֵ须ԣһһʹɡ
ѾѱһߣĵĶԼӵ˵
ҾԸ񣬿϶Լ˵ڵ顣Ϊߣ߸ǾûӰɡԣɽһɵ뷨ݸҵĻһҲġԼ뷨ܹ⣬һ˵İɡ
ǣӵϵĻƿߣŹֵ䵭
ҾⲻǸ⡣ӵޱע򳡣˵ŸԼɵ顸£ͻȻ˵ĻҿܻҲ²ǲڸʲôŹ֣ͻȻֺһɡֻǴңǳҰԼҲỳҲ˵ԣȹһʱ䣬Ҷ侲ˣתĸߴұȽϺá
ӵػ˵˸ɣﲻҪԼڵĺá
һżӵصĻһʹԼ
һû취ʳڰ򲿵ʵܡڰ򲿵ҪõļֵԣҲû취顣
ȻûԼʧϣĻǺܾɥԼĹλôģʹС
ʱһɵı͵ߴΰ߶رݡˡ



 
15
ȫӳ˰ʿѧУѧУٿ鼴ʡᡣʽУٿǰ򲿵Ĺ
ڷѧУ;УѾԼȻܵӵصĹͨԼԵ԰˫شǳüչķڻس̵İʿϣĿʼ׼һԲߡ
Ϊǽոռӵ˵ĻұȽϺãԽԽãһ̶Ҫ顣رҪһǰ˵ĻܾûҪʱɾ޴ĲӰ졣
ǣһƻߵĶ
棬ҪѧУ԰ɡ
ȣ
ôæ
ȣȻһܾСؿϡô
ǡֻܰ
ȣʲô£
һϣһԣʱҪҵķԷ
ȣô
šһʾⷢԣڴǰʡǳҰǹͶĻôȻϣ˵Ҿòġ
ȣ
ϵļƻġ
׼׼ʱַԣıϣǳҰv֮ʧԹͶôĻͻȻô˼رݡ
ⷬҾòġȻͿڴǰرһǰոմӼӵġûлͶĻ򣬱ͶݵͶ֡仰˵
ʵҲ׾ӡʵıݺܿ򲿵ո
ʹϻǾ˵úá
˾ͱȲǿңҲʵ벻ʲôð취ˣĿǰ˵ѶԲˡ
ϰԼļƻˡ
ϵ˼ǶԼܲʵǺûеס
϶˵ֻܰˣң򲿵ĶԱǶкܴv֮һɶҪЩ˵ˡСʮּᶨ

򲿵ִѧУϿʼ顣
ڿеĽҾУɶӳ֣ȷԣԴ˴αһܽᡣ
죬վڽ̨ϵĶӳǳڱܽʮַܡ
ǸıźڷսˣҵıֲúܿϧЩ
ԭĻԽúڰ޹ˡ
֮󣬴תԼߣڽǰſϵļӵ˵
棬
ӳԺֵĵ
ӵûôڵӣûһᣬ¶˾ƵģվתԱŵķԴǿĵͳ˵
ӳ˵ģһʵıһֵķߣܻвͬķչֻһ㣬ʮźҲûа취ġҽֵĶαгֵ⣬ӦöԺעⲻҪͬĴ󡣺ˣ״̬׼ΪıŬɡ
˵꣬˫ֱۣһ˭Ҳɵӡ
ô˭ʲô
ɨɢҵڽĶԱ
ϺڽҵһţȵλáӵԶĵط͵͵۲ŶԱǵı飬һᶼûп˭Ҫ˵ӣ˶һۣ׼ʵսƻ
ɾʱ˾ˡ˾ֶԱ
ľ
ǲְľɡվİľƽȴ͸¶Ʋסķŭ
ҡҲǳҰˡ
һ䣬ҵͻȻУԵͳ˵
ʧ󡭡ʧ˭СʱȷʵЩţ00Ĺؼʱ̡ʧҲԱģ˱Ҳûа취¡ҵv֮ǵڶηͬĴ󣬻Ҳġ
̲סгɲûᣬ˵
ʹҡҲͶԲԭ¹ͶͶ֣
ͳȴַŭ
ǳҰ°ôҲܹ򣡱ôμѵ˱׷ͺˡΪǶͷͶ֣򲢲ֻʵġͶֵĻҪеӦΡһ㣬ûͶʸ֮ҲǳҰˡ
Щ϶˶
ıƻ
˵Դɵķ飬ں渽ҵԭƻһɵΪǹġ
ͻȻԣ˵̫ˡ
˵ͷʾףתǰʾⷢԡ
ʱͻȻһл
ûͶ֣
ϴһ
տʼΪһɽгġ鲢жԱ߶ۼһλòͬķǶ˽ҵǰǰţӱߣ֪ʲôʱӵѾվ
ӵ˵
ġĻûлͶĻͶ֣
ӵص󵽽Ҳ״εĴšŭھȶĬĶԱǣصĴϢţظһ顣
ҡǵûйͶĻͶ֣һҲûУ
˵꣬ٴ˫ֱۣѵһ
֪˶೤ʱ䣬˭Ҳû˵ϵļӵء̨ϵĴȻվĴɡĶԱϺˣ˶Ĭţסȴš
ʱ΢𣬽ŽתΪҭڱɷĿ
ԴһĿȻһɡλϣ򶶶صĿš
˭Ҳû˵ԱźһҲֻܶһɿڽصš

 
16
＾ȫ̥ˡⲢϵĿΪֻ֮ͻȻ֮Ӿͷ˱仯ʲôµĶȷ
Уһɵı仯ΪԡֱǱ˸Ƶġ
ѵ档ôعӱϰˣÿ춼ѵϡʱһĶ廹ҪЩ
پǣóĬˡԭʻãر˵ˣĳˣĬĬרעԼѵ
һɵ̬ҲȾˣҶǰһЩһ㡣˽͵Ϊˡ
ǴϼĵһΣŸгӯ顣
Ȼÿѵݻһɲ䡣ÿֻǵظǰһյϰ˵ѵš
ɴˣ¶Աǽ˲Եĸе޷״òȷ˸ɾȴܾ鷢ӣ̫йˡ
ϰһǸûᡣȷð򲿡ɳʱ
ѧôд

ɳҪ׼ʱԤ⡣Ա׼û׼ͻȥҳ

˿¾㱸Ϊһʱ̣Ѿ˸׼ҳ˰򲿵Ķ塢˽Ŀꡢ˶˵гӪ̸ͨ̽ҲѾ˽⵽ͬʱΪ˿͵ĶԱǵʵڰ򲿵ҪԼϣõļֵ
ңԼҲΪΪרҵԱķŬԱǵͬʱ뷨תԱǡרҵ֪ʶͬ֯ĳɾͺͳɹϡʹĲܹ˵Ĺͳһ
׼ʹ򲿳ɳʱ
һ죬ϰѽӵسϡӳǳԼһӾټһٿʱ顣ϣĽеѵʽ
׼еķǳ˳＾ͨӵصĹͨܿƶµѵĿܡ
ʱϲʶҪַ˵ġ
ʶͨ˵ĽӴ˽⵽һʮִѧϰʮִֹĵŮЩϾҪسЭӵƶµѵƻ
Ա
仰ѾΪϵĿͷһʮСʱУϵһ˼ηӳԱ

ԱĹζʹԱЧӡԱģҴԱ̶Ѵﵽ˸еĵزԱ⣬ҪֳɸԱҲȷһֳɱһǱڵġв
ǣԱ֮ԱòЩȡóɾ͵һ֯ĿľʹԱڻ˷㡣ʮҳ

һζʱϴΪԾ֮ǰδйԱس뷨һֱΪ˺⣬˶һ鷳ҪķѴϰƵĴڡ
ǡѧд

Աʲʮҳ

ʲ
Ժз׽ʣ˷ڴ֮ǰδ˿ʲ
磬˵һΪһ꼶ŮǺദġ൱鷳Ĵڡֱ˵˵Ǿ൱ĲöԸһʼһֱԼĸĲϹϵ
ˡѧ֮ϵĹ۵㳹׸ıˡ
ȣֻרעѰ˵ŵͳΪֻҳĳпܶгɹĹ
ǣ˴ѧϰ൱ִȴʮֵŵ˳Ҫǵνŵ㷢ӳ֯ϡ
𰸷ǲ򵥡
ǽ뵽˵س
ӵأҲνġרҵԱӵдĴСѧʼиֱѧ»İ֪ʶңҵ޷˻صĸУν̣ҵ˶ݡ
ǣһڱΪʵʵĲ֮ǰȴǺЧġʹԼרҵ֪ʶתɳɹӵԼҲʮֿա
뵽ӵʹĲá
Ƕռͷų˵Ļ϶ܽӵеİ֪ʶЧգΪӵصķ롢ɫѧͬŵͨӦûϰԣӵصĲ֯ĳɹ
˵ĹȻ˳ɹͬʱ̸̽ġϣԳΪҵһҲõ㡣˵ķ˳
ӵһƶµѵƻҲǳĿǡң϶µļƻһҪǾǡһܹʹԱⲢԸμӵѵƻ
ɢһֱ˺ܾãѵϯȫƾԸֻʹһΪ׵ĴԱǣӱѵȻ¡
ԭΪֻǴҲعءʶµĽڶԡѧѧϰУʶлһԴԵ⡣
Ǿǣ򲿵ѵûѵһȤζԶûУڿ﷦ζ¶ԱǶԸμӡ
ѧд

ܶггӣҵгûʵֶֻͣڿͷϡ˶֤ʵһ㡣˶ҪҵҪҵؽгҪҵӹ˿͵Ҫʵʡֵ۳Ҫҵ˿͵ҪΪĿꡣҪҵԹ˿͵ĹΪȡñݡڿͷϴгʮ֮˶ܹΪһǿȺ˶гûôʵС˶гһֳ衣ʮ~ʮҳ

˶ָΪ˴ʹҵߣûƷĽе˶Իǲ˶ϵơ
Щݣڲˡ
Աӱѵԭһ֡˶ͨμѵҲϵƻҪĽѵݡ
ǣϱ˵
ϣ֮ǰгӪķƶһܹʹԱ⡢Ըμӡѵƻ

 
 ּڷԱ
17
ϰЭӵƶѵƻʱǳһôҪ齻ҿôţе㺦
ôӸſʼξ԰˽Ҳ࣬ܵô
ͬʱеһرĸӿ
ôҪиҡ
̲סĸеϲáϰôشνиԼǺܿġڴܹͨΪҵ
ԣ˺ܿͬӵһרĵͶ뵽ƶѵƻĹС
Ҫ򲿵ѵԵĻҪֵҪѵʹԱܹԸͶС˵Ŀ⡣
Ϊ˽һ⣬˼Ӧƶѵƻ
ʱ＾ǰϵһ仰Ϊ˵
ǳҰ̵ɡ
＾֮ǰӵͶһǾӱѵģʱȴȻƵ׼ʱֻ֡һˣĶԱҲû˭Ϊ赲ɡ
Ļôɲ԰ѱƽѵأܷѵҲһ
Ϊ˽⣬ȿǵǡʲôǣӵض˾߱͡ճѵûеĶʲôۡ
Ȼ󣬼ص㱻ָ˳ԴΪۣϺϦԼԱգܽҪأ
һ
˵ľһ𡣽ءݶ˵ľֽŸк˷ֻڱвᡣ

ڡֽһһֵĴϯǷУ֡Ҳƾʤ۽ġȻʱ򣬽ǲпģֺڰ׷Ĳп᱾Ǳڡ
ԣѵʱѳֽ˵һܲʱνʤɴˣҲ޷ֱԼǷȫѵʧĵط

Уÿѡ϶縺شΡһ㣬˿һɺ󣬸Ϊ̡
ʱһ֮ȻƵĳ֣ΪΪԼ縺ŲμӱΡûԼ޷СȻѵʱθȴ޷ܵҶΪûѵҲԽС뷨˴ӱѵΪ
Щӵһѵ޷ֵҪء
ЩΪӵؿʼоѵصҪʹѵҪءѵӸоԡܹ̼ʹҸܵԼ縺Ρ
һ顣ơõѵС
Ŀǰİ򲿣⹲жʮԱЩ˷ֳС飬ʹ以ྺ
ܲϰܲͬʱʱ䣬һȡҲ˵뾺һ̷ɼλǸ˳ɼСҲܳɼ򡣸˵ĳɼӰ쵽СһÿҲ縺Ρ
ԡơΪģƶһЩѵƻĿܡ
֮˽ģóϷƶѵƻõԶԶԼ
رơ⡣ͨƣǰʹҪءΡۺϵѵС
ңƻл˼ӵص顣ʱѶͶ֡ǳҰһɺҊoų⡣
һ㣬ӵô͵
ڰ˵ͶһĴڡ׻˵ʤ߷ҪͶ֡ԣͬԱһѵƶرѵݱȽϺá
Ŀġ
һ棬ͶֵѵԭԱкܴͬѵĻչ˳
һ棬ӿʹһɺʹo縺ȱ˸صΡͨѵǸ̵ᵽͶֵش
һɺʹo⣬ѵʼʵзơʣʮԱÿΪһ鱻ֳչѵ
 
18
µѵʽտʼչĲ˳⡣μѵĶԱ󣬶֯ҲЩæңԤ֮״
Աû˭ԡ＾սʹʶһҪѰı䡣˶ɾ
Ҳ˵ȫ¶׼ǽһɸɾϿʼʵµѵĿĽȻΪ˳Ҷܻģ˵һĽˡ
ǳҰһɵıرԡһηѵĿһ졪ǻǾѮӵͶֲμӷ飬رѵʱһΪĵõ΢ı仯ûӹϵ۾
һ쿪ʼһɵĿԲͬˡѵʽ룬̬Խ
һȫһƵġǰμѵҲֻǸϵҪõļ˵ģڵκģֻԼĬĬרעѵСһµʱ׸ıˡ
һɵתϸ̵ʶ˽ԱʵԼֵش󡢶ΪԱǵǶôҪһΪϲûа״ǼоνһĽѵĿ
Уѧ˺ܴĲοáѧϸĲʹԵķ

ʹҪֲͬĻ
һҪǱ˽⹤ĸҪ
ڶǻҪۺϡѸϳΪһ
Ҫнйط׼Ŀơ
ģṩʵĹߡʮҳ

ЩݣϺ˻мӵһָĽѵϵ
ʱ򣬡ѧѾΪ˼ӵغ˹ŶӵĻ̲ġȣһϸĶѧݣȻһͣһʵΪִз
˵һǶеѵ˳׵ķ
ÿϰ󣬴һܽѵвĵط׸֮ھϰԱһĽѵʽĽΪӳɳЧáԴΪ磬̸ߵϰԵĴӡ
ÿյķܽᣬ޸ѵڵڶķϰСһÿյѵڲͣı仯ˣѵտʼʩзƵʱѾ˺ܴĲͬ
ڶǣֶõѵСȣɹŶƶÿܵѵĿ꣬ԱǡȻ󣬸ĿöԱԼʺϴҵѵݡһԱǱԽҹ
˵³ᳫġĿҿơۡѧһдģ

ĿŵҲʹԱܿԼĳɾ͡ҿζŸǿļһҪöǷµԸĿʹһʹҵĹڷŬϻһ£һͨҿһҳ

֡ĿҿơЧʮԡԱͨԼѵѵ޿ɱĶ־ȫá
ĵǡߡΪʹѵӸԣеĹ߶˿ǷΧ֮С
˵ġߡֻڰþߡĵߣֻҪܹЧõĶԺúõ
ߴԵĵ֮һǵԡõӴռĴݡ⣬ճ̵ƶͶԱ緽Ҳͨ磬ʹֻ޶ȵķá
Ϲ̣һҵѵȫ졣Ƕʱ䣬æòɿԱȷʵҲµѵ֪֮Ҳûӱѵˡ
̵ǣΪѵʮˣԭʮϣġƶȱȫûбҪˡ
ʹһʶˡɾ͡ҪԡֱǡħȡһѧȻдħȣҳɾ͡ǷԱħô
ڹֵѧдģ

ΪʹְܹȡóɾͣȱܹеϵΡʮҳ

ɾǱһġ
ԣڷϰУϸµĹ滮ˡΡ
磬ÿѡһӳһĹӪСӳԼ˼ʲô㣬һӦЩ顣ĿƶѵľҲǽҹ
Ȼ󣬳Сӳ֮СԱҲԼ
ϰҪΪر࣬ҪҪϰĸˡÿѡˣرݵԸԼеĲ֣СˮƽǵΡ
ȷ˵ҪԽҰѵһĿľӦݵԳСԱÿ˵ʱȻӵõʱҪӵľɼôԼСĳɼݵҪ˼⡣
ݵÿܲٶĶԱΡǵ֪ʶ鶼ǱԴЧ
óܲܵĿ죬ܲǵ֪ʶ;ԱΪСǻЧЩ֪ʶ;顣
ѧд

ҪʹԼҵ߼ŵְܳɹĳеΣҪΨһרҵڷǵ֪ʶ;鿪ʼʮҳ

һϸݶԱÿ˵֪ʶ;飬Ƿ䵽Ӧ򣬷ӸԵĵĳ
ǡԱһڡԱͨԼǿ˶ԼθСݵΪΪԼóܲŻᱻΪˡԼ縺κ͹ɾ˸̵ĸܡ
ǰѵȫԱһضʵ֡ԵĹΪܡԼĹ֯ĳɹϡ޷ɾ͡
⣬Ϊʵ֡ԼĹ֯ĳɹϡǱزٵġ
磬ԽҰѵĳɼ仯¼תΪʽƳܳɼԱĸ˳ɼҲͬķһѵɹ鱨һĿȻˣλҲȷ
⣬Ϊṩ໥ѧϰĻᡣѸСݵټѧϰᣬ߶ɼ
£СݵȻǾ֣Ҳ߳ɼ鱨໥֡ʱ򣬼ӵҲμӵУ֪ʶ;鴫ڸҡӵʹõԴʻ̫רҵʱ˱䵱˫н飬ԼӵصԽз롣
ַʽڰ򲿵ȫ嵣ʩһѧϰռõʱȻĶ
ãÿѡһרŽиֻ飬ϵѵնÿܵһΪһƶÿܵĿ֪꣬λضԱһѵչΪˣһձΪNGD(No ground dayѵ)
 
19
ʱţȥӭµһꡣϺĶ꼶ѧ˵һεĻᡪļ԰аʱ䡣
ʱ򲿵ͻѾǵ㡣
ԹϦΪչ̸֮̽ȻţԱŶӿʱ˽Ա仯ŵʵʡҪͼֵۡ
Ȼ̸̽õ鱨Ϊ˲ϵѵݣһѵƻһʽջǰѵ޷ľ޴ЧڲԵһʾ֧Ľ
⣬ϰĳɹҲʾ˳Ϊ˲ʵ̸ÿܻ붼ڵĹнϰʼʱ򣬻ʤ룬ʱĻۣʤĴ̸ֱ߼Ҳûô
һгɹϾߵµĲΡ
ʱ϶ڰ򲿵ʵѾһΪ͹۵ʶҲһʶ԰һĿڳ̸˵Ƕôѡ
˵＾ʧܺӵʵȲ԰ˮƽкܴĲࡣʹĿǰĽ಻ʵʣ°ʱҲԴﵽ԰ĳ̶ȡ
֮ܶһ仰˵ǾǡϳĿǰĳ̶ȣ԰Ŀ󡢲ʵġ
ԣΪʵ֡ϳʵĿ꣬ĿǰķʽǲġҪı䷽ʽʼһЩȫµĳԡ
µĶԲߣȻҪӡѧѰ󡣡ѧдġ

ֻгӪܳΪһҵһ̬Уʲôҵ̬енһӶʽȡͣ򲻴ʲôֵͶߡҵֻһչľ֮Уٰѱ￴ɼȻǿԽܵľ֮Сҵǳɳչͱһ١
ˣһҵĵڶְܾǴ¡ṩǰͬľ㡣һҵ˵ֻṩκһ־ûͷǲģṩáľûͷһҵһҪø󣬵뾭رøáʮ~ʮҳ

£
Ҫ濼ǵ¿⡣֮ǰеĳʶµļֵۡ״֮ǰһг棬ʼһЩȫµ̽
ҪıĶ󲢲ǡ򲿡ǰڵġа硹

²ǿѧǼֵ²Ƿ֮֯ڵĳ£֯ĳֱӦ֯Ӱ~ҳ

Ƿ֮֯⡪Ҳ˵Ǳ򲿣ʹ˰ڵġа硹ĳֱҪͨƳ¾ɵĳ桢ȫµİĳ¾ɹơ
϶Դ˽Ųɡ
ʣµİʱѰ򲿵ʵߵ԰ĳ̶ǲܵġĻôΪʹ򲿵ĶԱܹ̤ϼ԰أҪֵĶͲǰ򲿣Ҫа
ǣ˼βܱа򡣶ڴµķԣѧȻ

ս֮ռλļǣִﶼڳ¸ĹСˣӪеҵսԵĻҪǡЩ͸ЩսԵĻҪǡµĺͲͬġ
սԵĻмƻϵͳ̭ɵġġ¸֯ΪȥʱԴֻϵͳȥܽų¹ĸԴҳ

Ϊʵְ򲿵Ĵ£ȱҪӼִĸаڳ¸Ĺпʼڴ˻ϣҪмƻϵͳ̭ɵġġ¸ĸа
ڡ̭ʲôϴȥѯһΪרҵļӵص֮ǰҪȸӵصķ̽£аʲôǾɵġġ¸ġ
˻شǡ͡սô
ʱѾΪ˼ӵְĴڡΪƶѵƻӵغܶʱ䶼һеĽӴ˺ޱ˼ӵӴ֪ʶͶڰ顣ͷԴӱѧϰյˣ˵Ǽӵصķ룬һӵƵġԣǼӵڵʱ򣬼ʹӵزڵʱҲȽĻ뷨ңеʱԴӵָҵѵ
ΪڼӵĿиаӦ̭Ķǡ͡ս
ȡԴͶΪصִƵġĿԼ֣ȡõЧȴԣʧܵļ൱ߡ
ʹʧȥԣӵΪսʹѡֺͽ˼·ҲǽԽԽȤԭ֮һȥǿܻ뿪Ǽӵǵ顣
ӵؾáսҲձĶϰ֮һ
սָյ߶ԻͶսʹߴԴﵽɴֻ߳߻ӿյĿġ
սڸа磬ְֽҵҲһֳս󵼴ߡⲻͶΪһѧ̡
ӵΪͶֵĳɳھʹִ򣬶Լƺͼһ𶪵ˡս׶ˣڱ˻İȫ˳ڱ˻ϣձͶ־ΪսʹԼжΣվء                                                                    
ңսһζӳѱСսռУ⡣롸ͬģʹķζ

˰ѼӵصЩ뷨ϡ
ЩϾӵ̸һ̸һڿеĽҲһͬμӵ˻鿪ʼˡ˻⣺
ʦô
˵ӵ̴˻ϻӡǶôĳ¾ɡôĲһʹķζ֮ࡣһĬĬţӵؼĳԼĹ۵㡣
ţѯ˼ӵعڡսȻҲ˸ı׺ʱشôͶֵĳɳʹӻϳ˱ñȤȵȣһƪۡ
ӵʹʹ˵֮ͻȻһת⣬ʳ⡣
Ǹڼ԰ôʷУûλɹĴƹ棬µļֵأ
⣬ӵز˼Ѹٸ˴
֪ˡһе\ Ҳ(Ĥ դߤ)һȡֶߵľУ 椭
Ǳʲôأ
ӵؽŻش
е\Ҳı֮ǰӶԵϷؾʧֵġذ򡹡һŰ˶һŰ괺졢\ҲɽʹгɹǶ԰ǲϽķ񽫸аˡ򡹵ʱ
ȡֶߵľڽˡ򡹵ĳ档ᳫƾǰѡ֣ѡֵغ͸Եġİ򡹡ȡֶձаʷǿӵɣԭλΰѡֵPLѧ԰ľʤлʤʵȫưԵ롣
λ¼ӵϲĽ˺ܳʱ䡣󣬼ӵ˵ôһ仰
㽵ĶΪع˼԰ʷʱҪϸĻıˡ
ʵϺӵص뷨ΪǰѾ˽⵽ȫ
ֱżӵص˫ۣ˵
ôʦǵ˺ô
ʲôӵسһһԻ
ʦ˵еɡոյĻʵǷǳ˼ڡ͡ս뷨塣̭ǵĻܻܿʹаޱ䡣ʦܻΪ˵еĻҲȥԣҪ˼̭͡սô֮ǰһúоһɡ
˵Щϸɴ뿪˽ҡ
 
20
ȫԱμӵĻϣӵ˰µս롣µսԱΪ޻սһսΪ˰ҪĴսԣͬʱҲӵս֮һ
ͬһʱ䣬Ҳʼ׼һǾǡĹס
Ĺסǡѧʼĵطġ֮һѧд

ΪʹְִܲףͬҪּͬ
ɱʹΪɻĳʹԻĿĶڵġ
ͨɹʹְȡóɾ͡ڽյУΪȡƲȡλ˽˵ĳɾͺֶΡȻʹְгɾ;Ҫ塣
۴ӰͶĹסĵǴҵӰΪסҳ

Уٺ͢ѾɣֻТۻû漰ԣϣԾĿʼȥʱջ޴֡
״֮һһֱæҪԭ֪ҪôźáֱʱϻӦΪףûķ
˵Ĺף˼ˡ᡹ʲôӹ˵籾ķ⣬ἰӦǡѧУɡ԰򲿶ԣĶ̾ñоҪġ᡹ϵóĽۡ
ڴ˻ϣϿΪѧУסȸԺͷһЩУ֮־Ը
ֱҲûʲôʺϵĻȻ˵԰򲿲ûʲôӰ죬Ҳûʹȡóɾ͡
ƽĹУᵽˡԱҪԣ޴ӵĵûĿϦ͡ˡһɵȵȵӲʤö٣ΪıҪӵسˡ
ϵ̸̽˵ķ֮ǰӵؿӴ֪ʶȴ޷ڰú÷ӳԣԶԱǵָҲ£ҲϨ𡣼ӵ̬°ȫޣ˶޾ɵӡ
Ȼڵõ롹İ֪ʶܹ֯ĳɹϣԶԱǵָҲ鶼ܻͶ룬顣ӵԼҲл
ϣҲӣͨѧУµĻҪӰ򲿵ĳð򲿻Ծ
ʱϴ벻ĵطľǶܵѡ֣ûκֵĳɼһֱԼܹΪʽԱеɻ󣬷ҪҪ˳򲿡
ҪǸϵһСɳҲŮŮﾶĶӳ
ЩһʼΪѾҪתﾶȥС֪ġǣΪʲôŮӵĶӳأɻѡȻɳҲ֮ϲԭôһ¡
ɳҲʼ̸
Ϊʲô򲿵ĶԱѵʱôأѯϡҲ֪ԭȥѯľ˵Ҫ㡣
ϲ֪򲿵ľ޴仯ڲ֪ѾȫУĻ⡣ԭѵϯôѿİ򲿣ȻһȱϯҶμѵӦ¡ңҵ̬ȶô˵Сһ仯ѳΪȤĽ㡣
ɳҲѯʸıԱ̬ȵؾġڵﾶҲǰİһԵµĳϯһĪչ
ǣϱ㽫԰򲿵ĽйʩµɳҲһ£ǸʱһԺֳ
Լ԰򲿲ȡĹƹ㵽ôͨΪסͨʩŵĳԱǵҲΪ˹ס
ﾶŶԼĹʡԣôӵ³˵ġѧõ֪ʶͻΪֹ۵ľ飬ЩĻͿԶôЩϻΪŻĹʣʼֽŵĹ⡣
ܿ죬ϳ˸ﾶŵĶӳ;ѶҲίСЩίУһһϸĵطȻ󣬽ίˣΪѧУһ˹ס
ϵĹڼȡȷʵĳɹ
ﾶͨηֱԱɹ˴ҵϰϯʡƵĽ˶ԱǵѵֵߡڼƶȵĹʹòԱǣˮƽҲһ̨סڴֲݸ˵ǿԱǵıƣʹôһµĻˮƽʵķԾ
ϽһͨѧŬ⡣ǾǣѧУѧΪ򲿡
̸ƫֵߴʮѧУԲûкԵĲڡǣһЩµѧΧŨױĨҹ꣬ѧϰϾͲѧŮǡ
ϽЩѧΪĿ꣬򲿵ľ
Ŀġ
һŹĹӣֲ⣬ӾֲֵĲ㡣ڶȰЩѧһЩмֵĹǾͲȥǳ⡣
ЩѧûţԲ඼ÿ£ûҵԼļֵ
ԣܹȡóɾ͵ĹǲǾͿԲȥȥءôšѧ鷳ĻǶѧУĹô
ǣȷΪĿѧƣڵѧڽǰеŮΪ˰򲿵ľ
 ڴ
21
ʱ·ݣ򲿷¡
һ£סԺϦͽơԭȥףϦ͵״һֱãһٵӣƳٵʱ
Ϧ͵ʵӡֻҪصĵȵ״ָ̬ܽСԣ˳ɣô˵Ǹһ
ĵǽҵʽΪһûѵϾȥ̽Ϧ͡ڿҽԺİʿϣȴ벻ˡ
ǲְľɡȻҲҪȥ̽Ϧ͵ġ
ϳĴɿ˳ϵϣ߿ŵλӡ
Ӵ~
ɵشкĴȴõϡáʽġԴ˰òĻش֮ҲûཻݴͣҲû˵ʲôȥҽԺ·˼ûκν̸
ҽԺ˽벡ȴ벻ˡһ꼶ė@v֮ڸڴϵϦʲôŵ˻æվŵҪȥ
һĻʵô仰v֮ͨ죬ҴҵĴкͳȥˡ
Ŀ͵v֮ȥתͷڴϵϦ͡Ĵŵѽ
ոϦ΢ϵĻȴŹֵЦ˵
Ҫ׽ŪӴǺܺߵġ
ôγѯʵǴɡ
ǣżѡȥ죬ΪʧôʱϷŹҪҶעv֮ġʱʱġ
¶˳Ծı顣
ҡй£
ΣֵϦ͵Բ˫ۡ
ȣǵˣ
ȫǵá
ĻشϦ˵˾䡸Ȼϵķ񡹣΢ЦȻϦشϺʹɣ˵
ǲǱȽϡɡôһ
һģĻشͬһʿ
ϦֹŹֵЦ˵
˾һ𣬾úɰȥˡ
ȷʵɻشȴһԵĳĬš
֮ոսĽҵʽѧУ顢а򲿵ʲôġΪһ죬ϦͻûȫϺʹĸ뿪ˡ

ȥ·ϣȻ˻ͬһʿȻһ·ԡ
ʿĳվʱͻȻ
Ǳߡ쿴
ȣ
ָŴ˵
Ǹѽ֮ǰǾûѽ
濴ȥǻϰ
ϵֳһ˿顣Ǵɽ˵
ˣȥɡþûء
ϹȻǳĬšȥĻҲûϵ֮󣬴Ҳû˵ʲô
ɵʿԽԽӽϰʱͻȻתɵķ˵
ûϵȥɡ
Ŷһı飬˵õġ³İť

³˼˳վԱߵĻϰ
ǰ̨˴𿨣ߵĳأ˽ϵλÿһ񡣽𿨲ѡٺ֣վԼĻͶңңԡ
ڣͶ˳ϽһƯĴ˳ȥűֱ·ҷ˳ȥ
Ưһɲɵá¡ĻһȴûлӦ̽עеͶϣ׼ӭһ
ϵĴͶɳһ߻СʱļϵԺС

СʱһŮȰŰĸ׵Ӱ죬ϴӶµʱʼϰͰΪ顣Сѧϱμ˵طӣʽıÿ춼кһŬѵš
ϵļнˣСһϵĸиԸкӾΪְҵİѡ֡ǣһһŮϣСϣҲǸŮӡԣϵĸ׵Ը޷ʵˡ
Ȼϵĸ׻ǲԸ㿪ʼСŮԭͺ˶ֺõϺܿչԼʵСѧϳΪӵһԱΪӵѡʮֻԾ
ľɱӵĶѡϵļҺʹɵļұסĺܽټϦͣ˿ν÷ĺѡСʱ;ԷﴮţֳΪ˶ѣǳһϰһϰСʱ򾭳˵ĵط
ʱϣñȽ磬ڻر涼ȴҪǿһЩ꼶ĴɻǺѡֵʱѾʽԱˣôһСɵ˼
ʱǷǳҪΪְҵѡֵġСѧʱļڽһҲġְҵѡ֡Ͼʸ
ܳΪְҵѡô
ʱ򣬸ȷĻش𡸰ܰȻܻټһ䡸֮ǰҪŬѵѽ
ԣϸڰˡְҵѡΪĿÿ϶Ŭϰ
ϵ۷ʱСѧ꼶ʱһȫдϣʽѡݳεھʤϴټ
֮ϵˮƽҲûԵߡΧȣϵ巢
ʵĲ꼶ʱΪ˾Եءഺڵĵʹϵ巢˾޴ı仯޷ǰӦʽһʱڣʵѸ߶ΪʽԱĴϵγĶԱȣڱųʽԱ֮⡣
ʱڿʼʲôطԡ֣ԼΧЩźܴĲͬ
룬ҲȻİɡ֮ǰȴһ㶼ûз֡巢ͬкҪ磬оˣֶƵġ
һʸ
ҲܳΪְҵѡô
ЦǺǵĻشܰĸףֻʱϸֳ˿ɬı飬ʲôҲûлشԱߵĸͬ⣬ĸҲͬһϧıϣʲôҲ˵
ʱϲˡ
ҵ룬һʼͲʵֵġ
Ͼˡ
ֻԼ֪
ʱΪķãϿʼ˵԰ãǰ߿˵Ϊһ㡣
븸ĸĹϵҲʱýɵĹϵҲһúºദ･˸ҡԭԼӵˣȴñԼ㣬һôҲ޷ܡ
صеĻ䣬ȫдʤټҲڣе鶼ʹļ䡣ԣҪ˵Ǵ򣬾صĶ϶ʮֵĿܡ
ʱϣ롢ˡѣм䶼һ𶪵ˡʱĴ̫ˣͻȻ˸ƵģóһʱʲôҲ
ʱΨһ֧߹Ϧ͡Ϧȫʧģȵ׵ϡϦһֱϵߣʲôҲ˵ֻػϿʱϦͻĸοļͻȻ򿪵ĶϦˮˡ
ʱ飬һԶᱳϦֻ͡ϦֻͣҪĵطҪرϦ͵Ķ飬ʱԼĬĬġ
ԣϦ볤ʱסԺȻϦͻ֮ǰҪΪػ򲿡ϦͰĽơ
ңȻ˰򲿣ôͰӴ԰ɣšĻϦҲܸ˵ġ˵ܹ԰ҲϦʹȥսʤħܹɡš
ԣȫĵͶ뵽˰򲿾ĹСΪѰ򲿴԰ǶϦ͵ıϦͲƷ

ʮӺ󣬴ϢϢϡҪϵǮʱ˵ûϵû¡ʱҲ̹ʵ˵лл
ϣ˵
Ȼʵ갡

Ȼһ㶼ûѽⶼûˣ˰ɣһ㶼ѽ

ղŵĺܰǰˡˣ㻹ǵôǰȫдľϡ
Ǹˡ
ϴ˴ɵĻ
ȣ
Ǽ飬Ҫˣ

һγĬ֮󣬴ٴο
ţˡô룬ôǰ£Ҷ˲ġ
ȣϳԾĿŴɡ
ҲĿϣ˵
˵Ļġľ˲𡣡
Ȼ⻰ƿߣʲôҲû˵
֮һ˻ûн̸ֳͬһʿڼҸĵط˱
 
22
򲿷ĵڶǣ˹Ŷӡ֮ǰһֱϣ԰ŶҶ롣
ǣȴһֱᶨıžܾ̬ȡΪΪȻԼò׼˰򲿣ӦüѡֵݣʽԱΪĿһֱŬȥʹжԱˮƽӦ˵ΪˮƽͣҪʵһʤ
ļ֮ϱ˵ŶӵĴ㡣ȴһֱ屣ϵֵֹ̽Ѱ֮ġϵߣҲû˭Ϥ³˵ۣڹѧӵнϸߵˡ
зζ԰򲿹ĲϵĹҲƽԱǵʵҲϵߡݴͣΪʽԱϣԽԽãȻʵҲɳģԱȣɳˮƽߵķȻԶԶġ
һ죬һӹѯʱĿת
˵Ǹ
ţ
ʱҲƽʱ̫һҲĻҪܿϵƵĽĿת˱𴦣ƵĳĬϾصȴšڣ彫˻ֱ˵
Ҳæ򲿵Ĺɡ
ǣӵءӳǳټϡ˺εľɵĹŶӵĶڻϣҲ̶ĳ֡
彫Լ۵ĸ֪ʶ;ãһһ᰸ҪԼ֪жһƵģϵµĵӣһظʵʩ
ΪԭǱųΪҵҵĿĶ򲿵ģԶھӪ֪ʶԶԶһ˵ġڹ뷨ӵаЩ뷨ʵʩļǿ־ж
ŽѵĽ顣Ҳ˵ЩܹϵĹ롣
ȷ˵ﾶһܲĺ᰸
ʱ򣬡ܲǰ򲿵һ⡣ݼӵġ޻սҪӽʹս֮ıǼǿݺʹܵķ롣ԣ߶ԱǵܲΪµĿ⣬ﾶѵĽ顣
ľ᰸ġ
򲿺ﾶϵĹӪγõĹϵΪ˫ϵĽһ죬ŮӶӳСɳҲָ򲿶ԱǵܲΪС˵̾ǿָһԶԱкܴ¶ڰкܴĺôͬʱɳҲ˵ҲвС洦ΪͨӵĳԽһõʩչԼһӦĳɾ͡
ѧڡͳԡļ

ͳԵĸֻһǣʹ˵ԡ֯Ŀġ֯ȨĻͳԡ֯һֶΡֶͨΣΪ˺֯Ա˼ףɾ͡ҳ~ҳ

᰸ʹɳҲԵһֶΡ
ǣϱ㽫һתɳҲ㡣֮ǰĹϵɳҲ֮ȻܡԺ󣬰ÿһɳҲָܲѵ
󻮲ֻﾶ
ĺΪ˶һǿ͵ȲͶǳҰһɺ¼󸨲μϰǣ˱ĶԱһͶϵ°
ĺģڻԳԣð򲿵ĶԱǱΪԳԱϣܰѼøΪѵĺܴĶԱԵģԱҪʳúľĸܡҲ߼Աǵˮƽ
ԼһγԾԳԻ彫򲿶ԱԳԺĸϸϣͼͷ˼ϳΪ˼ҪгݣܲԱǵĺγɹĳԣԳԻΪÿһεĶڻ̶
봵ֲĺǣίǱӱõӦԮڴֲ˵ҲӵֵģʽίСļǰҪѸɣϵ򽻸
֮⣬һƽĹסҪĸУڣҲҪƹ㵽ѧУ֮⡣
彨飬ƶ˵ķչ뺢ǵѧУİϰңöԱָǵİϰ
鿪չһһĿġǾǣָͨǵİ߶Աǵʵ
ǴﾶɳҲõġ֮ǰͨɳҲָԱǵܲˮƽߣڼɵɳҲԼҲԽ
ԼһɳҲ˵ҵĳɼҲˡһڽڴܲͬʱԼܲµʶȫעĿŴܲ˼ļУԺ뷨ָ֡ͨܲҷܵ˴ҵ
ãһҲӦõԱϡԱָͨǴ򣬴Ӻ˵ܵµʾʹԼʵһߡ
⣬廹ѧУ˽ѧϵѧİȫ֪ǿӣԱкܶӵм԰ġϣЩμӹ԰ĶԱѧУݽöԱǸо԰һ뷨ʵСԼܹʵֵġ
岻ϵµĽ飬϶о󲿷ֶǺġ޸ĵĹʩС
ɳҲ̸ʼÿŬЭ᰸𲽱Ϊʵ
ʱעŶķӵжϡʱȻҲǲʵģϲ˵ڣȫĸȥʩС
ΪϾãЩжϲԼΧ֮ڵġ
ѧдġ
ÿһܹ֯޹ա֯ȫĵһҪǶԳɾ߱׼ʵϣҪĿҪԭ֮һǱʹԱΪԼɾ͵ĸ߱׼
Ҫȷɾ͡ɾͲÿһǹаġϷֻܳӵһֱݡɾҪܹʱڵĳزɹ󣬴ûйʧ˾Ρ˻һŪߣֻסɿ¡ɾһֳƽɹʣɾ͵ļ¼бʧܡʧܣԱĻԺͰܻʿһ˷ĴԽԽкôΪԵҲԽࡣһ~һ

Ȼ޷ֱķǺûǻһʮǾǡԣġԡ͡ʿԼı
ңһĿġҪһŶʽġ߲顣ѧд

һ߲ŶҪЧؽйͱһЩϸһּ򵥵ĽṹԱϲԷ˳ʵϣԱϲϲԷǷ˳޹ءһ߲ŶӣԱ֮ĸ˹ϵΣܷӸ߲á
ٸ߲ԱĳһиҪΣӦʵȨ
ڸ߲κγԱӦöԲҪ漰Ĳ֣Ӧðһת֮Ҫεͬȥ
۸߲ŶӵĳԱһҪϲһҪأǾӦûšڹڳϣڸ߲Ļ֮⣬ǻ಻ӦýԷ಻Է಻ͶԷû಻ҪԷ
һ߲ŶӲһίԱᣬһŶӡһŶҪһӳӳϰ壬쵼ߡӳ縺εҪ෽档ˣ

Щ϶Լ֮鲻κŶԱԼվȨ
ңһҲԼĸվȨ·ţϵĹҲԽľеԼεĻȷʵȡһ˫Ч
 
23
ʱţת·ݣµѧ꿪ʼˡҲӭ꼶ļֻʣµʱˡ
ѧĵҲһЩµı仯֮һ¶Աļ롣
걨μӰ򲿵Լʮ֮ࡣ򲿶£ûʲôȴô˱ȷôҳһǰ򲿵ĹʩõĺԶԶǵԤڡ˵˰򲿵¼ӵϣԼ롣
ǣһ״ϲûäĿĻϲΪ֯ĹģԽԽõġѧ

ĳһҵĳһгеһҵ֯Źģ޶ȣ޶ȣ޷棻Źģ޶ȣ޶ȣöôãӳҲ޷õܺ÷չҳ

һ仰

һҵгΪԼĶλʱһҪΪ󣬶ҪѰʵģģʮһҳ

򲿵Ŀģǡ󡹶ǡʵ
ǣ濼šʵĹģӦʲôĹģȻҪӡѧѰ

ʵϣһҵģҪⲻڲǷܽйͬᣩĹϵ
κһҹ˾ģԵʶӰ쵽жɣʹΪԼߣôĹģ̫ˡһҹ˾ڶĿǡڵķӦǡ¡Щ֪ҵ£ôĹģ̫ˡ~ҳ

򲿹ģҪ档
һǣѡĴӡаĳܹѡϯһʼǹ涨õġǣѡֵ̫࣬ԵҲи˱źҲи޷øжĻͱ˰򲿡˿͸ж֯һּ
һ棬ļ١
򲿵ĹģǱȻ½Ա㡣һ롸סĹΥˡ
ңҲʹҵ½һ֯˵ռгӵǿĶ֣ҵѧд

һѸŵгرµгУռͳελĹͬһ󹩻гϻྺʱΪ⿴ƺìܡҾ̽ʿڽһʵǣһµгرµҪгмʱֻһչøΪѸٵöࡣʮ~ʮһҳ

ԣ±׺ĴģҪġ
ǣϲûֱͨҵ룬б̸߽ѯ벿ĿĺϣȻ󣬸ǸԵʵͼֵжϣڲʺϲμӰ򲿵ԱȰǲμšμӰ򲿵һһĽ̸Ѱʺϰ򲿵ķչ֮·
һ򵥡˵԰򲿵Ĺ鷳⡣ѧдţ

ģҵ߲鷳֮һȴнҪǾֱ˼Ŀĵжҳ

лôд

һֶԳֿоԵӣ˵ֱ֯Ըȱڹֵ¾СֿԸʲô˶ѧģġֿԸҲǿƭ˵ġͬĳһˣر¼ڼоͿ֪ǷֿǶ˵ȱ㶼ԭ£ȱȱ֪ʶԲ̬ȲãǲԭĲֱֿҲԭ¸ߵ쵼ѡֿ˳ΪԱһҳ

μЩһͬ벿ǽ̸ֽ򲿵Ĺģ⡣գʮԼ룬ﵽʮˡ

¶Աļ룬ҾбҪִµĹսԡΪӵĹģҲ֮ˡѧд

ģսشӰ죬սֶԹģشӰ졣ҳ

֮Ҫеıǡ?ĿҿơļʣʱѾˣΪЧ޵ʱ䣬бҪһζÿʩĿʩ

ÿһλԱϰ塱ܰԱȷ涨ĿꡣһҡЩĿ涨ĲӦﵽĳɾͣ涨ĲڰʵĿʱӦʲôסһҳ

ݹѧһۣĹŶƶӵĿ֮ȷĹ涨ÿһԱϸġĿꡣ
ȾԹϦΪĵгӪĿꡣǾǣļԤѡʼǰжԱٽһ̸̽ңһϲȫϦһ˶ɡϣϦ͸ߵΡ
ǣε̸ǰܼ֮áϦ͵̸֮̽ǰѾйΣһٵʱ򣬵ڶںǰ󡣹ȥ̸¶һ֮ɵģһҪµʱڽС
ľ·Ŀǡ¶Աļ룬ļٽҲʹѵг̸ӽղ׵پǿǵҪ̸Ϧ͵̫ĸ
Ϧͣ״ʱȶǣĲȴȬ֮󣬻Ҫҩָ
ֻмֵ䵽һΧڣܹԺһֱţϣļǰϦ͵ֵ½ϣļʱϦͿѡϯϡҲϵԸ
ΪģȷѵĿꡣѵĿƶҪΪΪ򲿶ġҸжȫԱĿ꡸԰սԼս롸?޻ս
ȷĿʱ򣬻ҪǡĵĿ꡹ѧݡ

ЩгӪصеÿһǣûǿָֻھӪĵľߺгλľؼԾԺ󣬲пЩĿꡣ
˵Ŵΰѧ֮һİ׵(Archimedes)һ㣬ҾͿԾ硣׵˵ġ㡹ǾӪġӪľʹҵܾ㡣ԣӪĵľǼΪҪһߡʮҳ

򲿵ѵҪһĵĿ꣬Ҳǡ㡹ļֻʣµʱˡʱʮޣԱҪȡᣬеһȥ
˺ͼӵһţһ߶ԽͷصÿһϸһȻȷӦýصһҪȫʣµʱＯоרĿꡣ
ȷ˽ص㡸ͻ򡹡νıͻ򣬾˵ڻҪֻ֣򡹵ս
һǰеţ˶֪ĻеĻԻӰֹԼѴ򣬶϶ԶԷͶԴ˵ԻӰǱ޵Ŀ
ΪͶڻ£ͶȽ΢λãʹ߳֡Ҳǵеġս
Ŵһս뷨ܹסԻôսʧЧˡһ͹᳹˼ӵء?޻սķ룬Ҵ˸аһ档Ҳ˵ʵ˴¡
ǣȫӿʼѵȫеĿͻϣ֮Ľϰһ
֮󣬱Ƿȷصص㡸ηʧ󡹡
ӵضͶˡ޻սķ롣ҲǲͶȫԺʤķ롣ԣԤƵͶ򱻻صļҲӦߣԷضԱ˵Ҳˡ
ʱҰǻʧӦġѾǲɻرܵˡԳ̸ߵķ˵µʱڽˮƽߵ԰սĳ̶ȣûпܵġʧ϶еġ
ԭ򣬼ʹʧҲǷǳҪġֻб˻ҲŲӦңηʧҲǲȡġ
ӵغΪηʧ󡹿˵ǳ̸ߴ԰ĹؼڡԣΪ˳׹᳹ηʧ󡹵սȫӷĽѵ
˵ǽд󵨵ǰءȫԱķվλ̶ͨλǰ
Ϊ˸һʧɡΪʩǰأ絽ҰߣԵҲ͸˿ٴѶȡԣʧҲӦˡΪ´ǰָʾǽʹ˳ʧҲùڽΣѡֵĲ㡣ԣȷһĶԱǣʹʧٳ־ˡ
ңǰأʹնûԱǷҲ۴ʲô򶼲η塣
һ棬Ͷֵѵڡϰϡ
ļϣͶĵ˲ǶԷĴߣǡƣ͡ʢĵպ飬ʮͶֵңһֱһսĻıҲʹƣͲϻۡ
Ϊ˽һ⣬ҪˣҪͶվͶ̨ϵʱ䡣
ԣöԷҪֻ֤ҲǷǳؼһ㡣Ҳ÷ϼӵشġ޻սּÿһԴˣƵͶͶĿ
ǣͶֶ顪ǳҰһɺ¼󸨱ȫĵͶ뵽ˡѵС
Ϊ˲ͶôܡͶҪںײľ׼ԼܹʹͶϬı仯ΪҪǿͲȲΪˣ˲иĽ°Ķ
ѵ̿˵ǲпġ˸ԱμճϰÿһεԽҰѵÿսСΪμӴӵķϰֻй¹µĶּ縺ļÿյѵݡ
˶ǼͲεġرһɣ̶塣֮ǰһɴӼӵ˵˹ɣεĹ¡ɣԭǶ˶ӵͶ֣ΪⲿϢڼȴһеĶӶϰܲѵһһεܹٳͬĵطƤͺԵĺۼ±ΪɣroadΪ¼֮һ
ӵҪһҲҪͬ顣ҪѧУԱߵĹ԰ͬһ·ϷܲѵһҲܳһԼ·
һĻӦһҪÿһÿһ죬ڹ԰ͬĵ·ϣ֪ƣš
ɵǣһܲµĺۼ԰ĹԱֻ·ϲ˲ƤȻûбһ·պ԰һܹĵط򲿺ͶǳΪǳҰcourse·ߣǳҰcourseϰܲΪ˶Ĵͳ
һÿԱƶӦѵƻһ潫Ů֯齨˵Сӡ
Ϊ˴ɰ򲿡ս԰Ŀ꣬սѧУϸǱزٵġܹ׳ߵսңҪ׹᳹ͻսҪԷͶֵֺϰߡ
˸ԭŮŮ벿һ꼶Ůǽ˷ֹԤƿܳΪֵѧУе顣ܹŮͶ뵽ѧУռС
ɴյ벻ĳɹԭŮŮĻԾһѡ
ǶǼжҵӺܴˡԣƽֹڵѧУѵҲܻؽ룬ҽϸĻ㱨ңÿ˶óʣںܶѧУѵɡӵغϸķǴƵƶϸĶսԡ
 
24
ļǰһµʱ򣬰ٴηر仯ֻ֮ƵЩ΢ףչγԭ֮ƣ򲿵ȫԱ
ǾǡӰ졹ڴ֮ǰΪ˶ףȡһϵеֶκʹʩͨЩٴջ˴Ӱ졣
ЩӰǴӰÿеҿʼֳġָһ֧ڵȡʤΪ˱ʾԶԱǵĸм֮飬Ǳд˸лţÿһ⡣
ԱǴܴĴ̼Ƕǵһյлţظжˡʱ򣬴ҲŵһᵽŶӶγġס͡˿͸ж֯һ򲿶ʵС
Ȼ븽˽ѧӵм԰ĶԱУݽĻҲһ߳
ݽ󣬰ȫԱÿ˱Ҫдһݸ룬Դݽߡݽеһˣյҵĸʮֿģι۴ѧİѵңֹ˾ָһʽϰ
ʷǰ顣ѧȫȡʤǵ֮İšӵμӹ԰ĶԱȥְҵѡ֡
İˮƽһĴѧĶг̸߽б̸ıȷ˱ܹˮƽĶб±жԱ˵޿ɱıѧϰ
ֹԴУ⡣ѧУڲҲܵ˺ܴӰ졣
磬ԭÿһμٰԳԻÿһΡңõʱ򣬴ֲĳԱٳϣΪӦԮÿѵкóԵͶ֡
ӦԮָӲĳԱʱҲٳϣǾڴֲԱ߽ϰʵڱǣߴŵģ˵ѵҲӸ
ļǰ򲿵һ¼䣬ҼֱĲϽšԱǰδеļ˸Ʒʡѵ
ڣʱָ·ݣļֻʣһܵʱˡ
һ죬ǰ򲿹ӡϰĺɫԱڲٳϵѡϯǰϣӵһһѡԱ֣ӷ롣
濪ʼѡĶԱ㵽ֵĶԱǰһȡ󱳺롣
żӵصĻԱ֮һɽŵӵؽ˵
֮ǰһ˵ӳС
ӵصĻӳǳǰȥ
ԱǿʼͷӶ˽֮ǰӳʲô֮ǰǴδġ
صŴҰ󣬼ӵ˵
ʵǳҪжζӳְˡ
ˡȡɻӵؽ˵
Ȼӳˣ˵Ҫ˳ӡǳǻǰһԶԱݼȥǸ˷ͨģҲʮġǳжζӳ֮󣬿԰еľеԼıϣǰǳ
Ĭŵ˵ͷӵؽ˵ȥ
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˵ţԱվŵȡ10ŵĺ룬չʾҡ
ոջ˽ŵĶԱǣͻȻٳİķ·һ䶼졣ļžУӵػ˵漸֡
¶ӳ塹
б¡ĻҵѰӰȴѰ岢ûվڶ
վŮǵһţվϡոռӵصĻ˵
һ֪ԼᱻΪһεĶӳδԼѡѡϯԣûиվһ𣬶ΪŶӵһԱעķ
Աڷִһߵ壬׷̺Ŀע屣Ŵ㶵ı飬Բ˼ӴҡãѲܣĿվߵϵϡ
϶ס˵
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Ȼûһʵȫ˫ֽӹ롣
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һůӿͷƲĵļһӽȫ˸ոõֵĺԱǾϲʮѼþò̧ͷһֱڲں֮
壬ͻȻһǿҵԤУ֧ܹ߽԰
ָоͻȻٵġȻ򲿴԰ǳϵԸԸܹʵԤȴδйΪĵĳʵһֲôʱ򣬲֪ΪʲôĸоԸһʵ֡
ָоԼҲܾȡɵáĽһſֹ塢ůΧŵİ򲿵ĶԱǣסˡ
 
 
25
ڵ˳սǰһ죬һҽԺ̽˹Ϧ͡ϰ֮ǰԱʱͻȻԤе¸Ϧ͡
źǣϦ͵Ĳ鲻ļǰԺϦ͵ĸ׾˵֮ǰ˵ļֵû½Ϧһֱ޷ԺһϦסԺѾнһʱˡ
Ϊ£ϵʮֵ䡣ΪϦļʱܹѡϯϵԸ
ʹѹȥҽԺ̽ʱȴûбֳһľɥʧ䣬ŬԼıһЩѰ򲿵齲Ϧ
Ԥеܹʵֵġı˵򲿿Եġһܹȥ԰ΪҵԤвġԣϦҲҪͣٿԳȥһǵı
Ϧ΢ЦŵͷӦţͻȻ뵽ʲôƵ˼ϦͻȻЦ⣬ǲԼ˵ʲôĻϦ͵ˣϦͺ̧ܿͷ˵
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ЩԽԽҶϦ˵ʲôֵĻô
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ȣϦ͵ĻϺܳԾΪʲôѽ
ϦͣһᣬһһôʾƵ˵
ĺܸл㡣Сϣұжˡ
˵ǰСѧʱ£
ǣϦҡҡͷСʱ,СΪԺ¡Ҵĵױһжˡ
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һ̫꣬жˣСѧʱҪǿҡһ꣬СڰǴ̫ϲú͸жҲȷ˸ɾĴ̫̫ණˡ

СǻҸжҵӢۡ

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ôҲ벻ﻹ仰ǣ˸⣬ʮı˵ڿĻ̫ˡ
ȣ
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š
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˵Ϧĵؿ˿ϣϦ͵עʲôҲû˵ǣϦͼ˵ȥ
ҾãҪĲǽܲȥ԰ǹ̸ΪҪΪ˴԰򲿵ĴһŬĹ̲ҪġԡϦҪԼ뷨ȫϣĿתעҾãڱ֮ǰкõĽ֣ʵǸȴôҪġΪ˵۳ʲôĽҴӴõĸжǲıġ
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һ߷ˡѧĳһҳһۺǸȴޱ˵
ѧдġ

֯ṹӦðѸ˺͸ŵԶָȡóɼָŬɼеĻΪ֮ŬĿġӦþܶĹԱΪҵҶΪרҡ򡰹š£ӦҵϵĳɼͳɹҪùܻרҵϵı׼Ǽ顣
ӦʹŬȳɹҪʹձΪһĿġ֮ܶʹԸΪɹΪΪδڹȥĳɼϣΪǿʵΪ֡ҳ

ԣһΪ˵ŬḺ́ȽҪ
Сϡ
ҾͲֿˡô˵
Ϊ򲿵ľҵȡóɼ򲿴԰ҵΡ
ƽּ˵
Ҿãϵ˲עؽͳɼѹ̿øҪĻȱֿġ
 
26
ڶ죬ڵļӡʱûһʶаһ硪һ¿񳱵ġ̸ߴ˵?ʱĻ

һƽĿʼ
򲿵ĸ߲ԱΪӭļпֵܻĸ׼ԡս԰ΪĿ꣬뵽⡣ȻΪʵֳս԰Ŀ꣬ɸȷʵϡ
УǵĻǰ򲿡޼԰项鲻ǳ̸߰⡣֮ǰ̸óɼǽһδˣԤѡʮǿѾǶʮǰˡĳ̸˵ʤǴδģһȫδ֪
ȻΪֲʵսĲ㣬̸ѾŬϰˡʹͨϰȴȫ޷áʽʤ־顣ǹȻֻ̭ʤյľɡԣԳ̸˵鲻ѾΪ㡣
ΪӦԣӵشһսԡɾ鲻˵ĵǣɵĶҡԱΪڽŶ޷ӳԭʵ
ԣԽǳʱıԳ̸ԽΪΪ˱ҪԴȷֻʤǰ
ӵսҲǴԴȷֻʤķ롣
⻰ڿЦƵġӵȴ൱档ÿͨ۶ʤΪĿƶսָԱ
̸ߵһĶһû̫˽С
ⳡӵָʾҷйǣȫĻӵһʼһҪӰֻҪݾͿʼݡҲȡ˵ǰأ۴ʲôģǰͽӡȻȫֹģȫȫϯ԰ΪĿꡣ
ⳡһǡʧ󡹡ʱ䣬öԱϰʧ󣬱ʤıйڽŻ߶ҡ
ӵϣⳡӷδ󡣸ݼ¼ʾʧΡΪʧܳĴΡʹӻ122ʤߴӵһֿʼ㱬ˣĽ˿ûзŻֵʱǰ˱

ļǰֻһƻĿûдɡǾ̸̽
ԭļƻ·ȫ̸̽ǣϦ͵״ͻȻ񻯣һʱ޷̸ȻϦָʰճ̰ŻǴϺˡ
ϷΪץסһõĻᡣ
Ϊʲôô˵أΪʣµĻûн̸Ĵ඼Ƕʽѡ֡ԣļʼԱǽ̸̽Ϧܹӽӽнᵽա
ϣ̸ͨ̽Ϧѡһᵽա
뷨ļʼȻϦͼ̸̽

̸ߵĵڶҲɵԴȷǰĳҪˡ
ֱڣ̸߻û˵ע⡣Ϊ̸֮ǰĳɼʮֵĳɫ˵ǰȷʵԱȷֲʤͬʱʧĴҲ൱ĿɹۡңһҲûУݵĳɹҲܵ͡
һۿȫ˺áûôҸоƣսҲܡԣ˭Ҳûעڳ̸ߡǣжһע⵽ЩͳƱ΢֡
̸УͶǳ֮١УΪĻ򱻱ݵļʮֵĸߡ
ǣ˭Ҳûע⵽ЩڵĳУ̸ӭδĵһѹءγ߼԰ˮƽһ˽С
һԭⳡͨԡýʿԼѧУѡֵȵڶԱۿҶΪ˼ʶһ³̸ߵĶ֣һ˽ѧУıġǣȴԼӦԮĳ̸Ŀ⡣
ǵǳ̸ӦԮӵĸǵ顣̸ߵĿ̨Ͼۼ˼ɱڶֵĹڡңвƷѧʦѧļҳǡָӵĺǡ뵽Уݽ˽ѧѧǵȵȣԱ
ңӦԮķʽҲѪڡƸǡֶͭӵӱѾʼһֱţӦԮָӲĵӦԮݸǽ֮⣬ӦԮҲͣظźֻʱΣʱ϶Ա
УɫǷʱӦԮˡⳡ׷һɵһΣʱǵֵĺ֡ͻľĬ֮󣬿̨Ͻ˸ңûֶͭӰްϳ
һϲһ׸衣ʵ׸֮ǰһԼġʱΣϣӦԮܹԼϲĸʹԼ񡣶峪ʽӦһɵҪ
׸һɣΣ֮ıָǳɫƯͶ򽫶ֵĴȫѹסˣһҲûöԷõ
̸ߵĴߺòõķ֣ȻûԷʤ40Ӯ˱ǳ̸߰򲿵һѹ˽ǿӣȡĳɼ
ĵ峡ҲԴȷǰȡʤ̸ڽһȫδ֪򡪡ǰǿΧҲ
Ϊ̸ֹǰǿȫ˽ǿӣΪ˶ĶѧУ̸Ȼ˴ҵע⡣
̸ķ֮һĶǱδΨһһʳٷ֮ʮǿ߶ʤѡӡ
ݱһ׳ҵĻս
һ죬ȷ¼ȻͶϼûѹƶԷĴߣն˰˷֡
̸ߵĴȴõ˱ȶ෽ķԿһֱͶȫĵжͶ̸֣߳׵Ĺ᳹˷ֱͻսʱѾöͶһٶʮ򡣵֣ڳɹץס˶ԷͶֵڰ8Ļ͵͹У֣һõ14֡ սǳ̸208 ٶ֡ 
27
ýԳ̸߽˲ɷáȫȨӦýɷõǴǰոձΪӳ10ŶӷĶ塣
ÿζĵ̬Ӧýķʡ
ǰʱԻһ£ͷתصӭļǶӣ򲿶°Ҫľ
һΪµĶӳʵӵϡ
³ʱ뵽ŶӵģӴԺȫĵͶ뵽˹УΪֹĹѾȡ˺ܶĳɼرΪıʿ˸󻮽飬Աͨ෽иֽʵЩ󻮡
гɼȫװ׵ķӳ˳·ݿʼİ򲿵ļѵľʱ֣ĹĪ
ڱ壬һֱ˼ӦʲôĻرѧд

Ҫάһָ߶ȵȡóɾ͵ľ񣬾ͱµĸź͹ʱꡢ͡һ֯ҪĵĹֶΡԶȻƵֺͱӰΪйµĸ֯еÿһԱҪġӵġʲôһҳ

ԡ¡ʽӦŬҪܹѡϯңҪ˶ܹϿɵġʽʵԸ
ǣκζԱˮƽ˵ҪѡֵѡȫûпܵġԣϾͿΪӳġһˮƽߵͣԽѡϯˡңе˱ҪġӵġҪʲô
֮⣬ԼΪζӳһְзյǳĸ
ǰ򲿵ѡ֣ΪϣҶԣͬӶӳһ⡣ǾǣԼȴΪӳְеšΪ˲ԡĥԼʵ򲿵ģֻҪоôϾͺãӳһְ˵һصĵӡ
ԣµ᰸ʹ˵Ǻ¡ڷǸԵĳ
Ϊ¶ӳĽ飬߲Ŷӵۣɼӵİ
һгԱǴϢ
һǣŶҪ˲ŲȫǡúáˡһϢǣֻҪȡ˳ɼŶһĳɼرһ±䶯ڰ򲿵ĴҡرǷʽѡ˺ܴļá
ڶҪǣľųȷԱС
ļǰԭٶȾ൱֮ͨѵܲɼߡڵˮƽѾߵΪﾶԱμȫĳ̶ȡ
ԵģĽͷȴûôߡԣӵȷԱųȥԭҰֵλøһλ崺һ꼶Ρ
һ±䶯ҲǵĿ޶ȵķơĶΪڹؼʱ̴ʽϵ͵ȷԱϳ
ȡȷԱݵľȻ˵ΪѡԱݸеԱһ֪Ϣʱ򣬻Ǳֳʧ䡣ǣȼӵظ˵µ֮˾µķŬ
ӵؽǣΪݣԴﵽҶԷĿġ񲢲ǡݡô򵥡ҪϱֳȵݣԷķսѹҪϹֳҪͼӶɸ
ûйӵصֵʮֳɫ
208ʤһǿӵǳķ֮һ̸ڵֵϰܹõ14֮֡ǰ68ŵΣʱ̣Ϊ̤һݡͻȻݣԷͶʩ˾޴ѹ
һԵ뿪ݰ񲽲ƵĻǰȥܹ߲
ӦԮϰݵĹɺ֪ݵĲӴһ
жӴ˶ԶԷͶֵѹʹ಻ԡһȫƻĿԺͶĻ͡ûչֳԼĽų̣ͱͻ˱ݡ

ҪеľǰˡαĶӵбְҵѡǱͶֵ˽ǿӡ
ⳡ׷ͶǶ־һɡ
֮ǰı̸ͨͻսʹԷͶͶ˺ܶ򡣲ɴʹ޷ּӶ˴
ַȻϰʹõսͶ֣ͶͶûʲôô
ԭ򣬶ⳡҲûڴŴĶõܶķԣҷͶҪȫѹʧ֡
ϣһһֱųɫͶѹŶԷĴߣûʧ֡ڱĵһһֵĳ̸߽10һֱֵ˵ھ°룬ԷĽ 
Ϊ̸һֱ᳹żӵġʤ룬ûоֲ΢ľ档ݴͣһǳ̸ߵһԱŵ
վͶϵһɴʼն侲ɵͶԼûĿǰǶͶ˵׽ŵСֲ棬ֱһҲûдԼͶַ࣬Ĺɱ˶ԷöԸͷߡ
֮һҲλַĹ򣬵ʱ벻鷢ˡλֵv֮˫֮˹ȥ
ڵv֮ʧԭӦ˳ֵľһ˳һˡֻǣڵĳ̸˵ҲСССηʧ󡹵ѵΪʱ򷢻á
ѵЧչ˳ûǸ˵ʧ󣬴˿ûжҡɫοʧĵv֮v֮ԼҲûǰɫףֻ侲ͶϵһɱʾǸ⡣һҲЦݻظ˵v֮û¶˿죬һߡ
һɵؽͶλ֡Ǿõ˫ɱ·һͿԽˡ
ǣ˭Ҳû뵽λֵv֮ݴʱֳʧһֱҰڼԷԱǶɹ̤һݣϱһ˳֣һǳͻתľ档
˲ɧv֮Ҳ޷ƽˣ˲ʧȥѪɫѡҲ˵οĻˡҶ˳š
һУԺиֳͷȻû취ȫѶʧηѽҪļߵ󣬱ҪͷȱɵƣƣЩڱ˳
ʹѾûз˼ȥʱˡִڻＴĶԷİߣѡϯѰսָǹⱣİγػֱӾһʤأ
ӵصһʼʹ⡣
һʤ
սǡ޻սڴڣûиı䷽ɡ
һŵһɣʹȫԷͶͶ˺򡣶˴ߵ»ɹĻ򣬴ƯҰڿ
һǷλֵķΪ˻شݶǰرĵv֮æȥ򡣵·˭൱Σգܵġҵĵv֮ĽϾͰһԱصˤˡ
һ˲䣬۵ĺΧȫսᴩϵĺ󱳣ѡϯϵܲסеǰһƬڰܵĲֹһˣÿһ˶˾Ҳ˺һʱʧȥ־
ǣϵ鷢ˡ֪ܹѡָȥڿסˡ
ǸǴѡʽԱ׷Ұλõģһ꼶崺
ܵλرվλ帩ȥסǸڿѸ̤˶ݵݰ
ˡԱv֮ûлݾһ·ɱˡ
һ˲䣬Ļ쳹򳡣̸ߵѡϯͿ̨ҲǻһƬǣֻվڻȺеЩĸо
ϵ۾˳ϡ̸ʤ˲䣬Ծ˵ƴѡϯϱ볡ڵľ˸ոʩչĴ
˵ǶȥԼʽԱϯλľ֡ˣڱбԽãԼʽԱλӾԽԽԶ
ǣûпǵЩ˭Ϊıֶˡ˷ǳĴ˶һܵߵǼƯĽɱҪѴƵĽ
龰һδ̵ᵽĲ˼飬Լ֯
 
28
󣬰չȫӷѧУٿ˷ʡᡣβͬǣȫŶֵ˻顣ڻ˵
Ϊѵv֮ųʽѡ֮ȽϺá
˽顣
ΪֹѾֵĿv֮޷ܺõӦԽž档ڹؼʱ̷󡣶ңһܵ־ͺѻָıҲǣҿдľʾȳͱˡľս϶Ƚ컹Ҫҡԣv֮ٴʧĿԷǳߡ
Ҳʾͬ
ҲôΪġv֮ڼȽŵ»ʧ󡣶֯˵ƣơĻľϾӦѡ֡ΪΪʵְ򲿡ս԰Ŀõѡ񡣡
ӵؾŴҵȻתһδϣעʵôΪ
ʱ˼šһŴҵһŬ䡺ѧݡ
ѧӦдɣѵûлشĴô
ȴһͷҲûС
˵˵ĻȷʵǺġǵ˵޴ӷ
ˡ
ɲ֪ΪʲôϵܾʲôԾĵطϹеֱĸоܾòӦðѵv֮
ǣ˵Ļ
˵Ҷˡǡҵ뷨ȥ죬ΪһͶʱųʽѡ֮Ļӻأ
вμӻĹŶӳԱǣƽȵ˵
Ǹʱ϶һҲ޷Ͷ򣬶ô󸨴һɵλãôͲнһˡʱľһôʱĺ벻ʹܹɳɽӵġ
ϵĿ˳οÿˣ֪߰˵
ҾãʱҪǰͶһɻˣôڵİͲˡԣϣҲҪv֮Ҿãõv֮һһv֮ıֻ
ǡһɵʱ＾ʱΪʱԣûʲô⡣Ѿļˡ˵ĻᡣĻٲ𣿡
ĻϻȻƵģһԲĳĬҲĬĬһʱ˽֡
ڣϿ˿

˵ǶԴ˵ģϸ˵
˱ĳɳãΪְڡ
ǣv֮μӵڶı󣬼ӵжϣҲͬˡ
ʹϻǵ黹Ǻܳءжϵ׶ԴԼҲȷ
ΣıΪv֮ʧʧܵĿǴڵġʱҲô
ѹϴԽԽûţԽʹԼ
ҪȥϦһ¡ΪϦϸv̸֮̽Ϧ͵ĻܻĿǰv֮ĴʲôõĶԲ߰ɡϦ͵ĻʲôҲ˵
ǣóֻ׼Ϧͷšʱŷ֣ԭֻϦ͵ϢǲǶţʾ鿴¼¼Լʮ֮ǰ顣
Ͼºϡ档ϦסԺ֮󣬴඼Ƿţд绰
ǣϾϦͻظ绰
һϦҲĵv֮飬Դ绰İɡ϶ʲô˵ġ
һŵ绰ͨĵôš
 
ڰ ˼ֿĺ
29
СʱڵλҽԺشϡңΧ˰򲿵гԱҲˣӰ౻Աȫ
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Σա˼˵ؼҪ˰ɣӲǺڻֵĳϰɡ
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ϽסϦͣš
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Сϣ㡭
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Сϣˣ߰ɡһᣬһֱϵ˫˵ˣѾˣϦ߰ɡԲСϡһֱƭ㡣ʵϦѾûϣˡȥסԺʱ򣬾Ѿûϣˡҽ˵ֻµʱˡ
ʲôϿžˡ
˵ȥ
ԣϦѾŬˡŬػƴսˡһֱħսŵġңҲʤˡˡħһꡣԭֻµʱ䣬һˡ
Ŀš
ܹľС㰡СϣϦϣСϣϦӱôҫۡСϣϦ͵ġ
ϴžԼƵĽر˵
Сϣ㣬Ϧһĳһ꣬ȫһӵķԣСϣѾˣѾˡΪֹɡϦѾŬˡŬˡһֱʹģ˷ʹŬսˡսĺŬˡԣϦȥɡԭɣɡϦѾǳŬսˡϣСܹס
Ͽֳҵɫḷ̌ҡ
ϣ˵
СϣԲҶӦøл˵ֻԲ𡣶Բ𡣡
һ߿ţһ߲ͣϵǸ
 
30
ȫԱϦ͸֮󣬴վϣþòԸȥҽԺ̽ʱĹȥҶ½뿪ˡϾŵңʣµҲҪȥˡ
ʹϻ̵Ĳ뿪Ҳ˵ҪҽԺֻʣˡ
˴ԱߵߵסԺ¥ȣɳԶĵطˡ
һֱû˵ͷЩʲôҲǳĬı˫ۣżȥٿϵӡ
ҹңͻȻĽһϵɿʵ
ôˣ
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ң˵˻ƵĻ
ţԸһᣬɻʵ˵ʲô
ҶϦ˵ҪĲṇ̀ǽ
ȣ
ļʼǰϦ˵ҪĲǽǹ̡
š
ʱҶϦ˵׷ӹ̵Ϊһ˵ȱֿġ

ҡΪʲôҪ˵Ļأ
֮ٴδͷһԲҲһֱĬš
Ϧ뿪ʱ糿ʱգȼƵģͻȻû˺
ϺʹɲûۿǸҽȷ˻֮ǲ߽Ϧ͵ӡ
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һ׵Ϧս飬ʹࡣڿԴʹнˡ
ŵʱ򣬰򲿵ȫԱҽԺһ죬ϵصѧУΪ֮󣬴һǰ
Ϧߺ󣬺ܿͽʬ͵ԺԣϺһɣҶûлһ档
һĶԱǣ˭û˵Ҷ֪ӦôڣӦñһʲô顣
ӵؽĬĶԱǴȴͣһ죬һ翪ʼȵܡ֪˵ĽϴͣԱߵﴫΧϿա
ͣպͰ·ӳţվˮ˳ĿУһֱš
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ȻжԱ˵ȥ
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˵ˡ˵Ժ̸̽㲻ûڳԣʱ˵ġ
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Ͻע˵ⷬ塣ȻܣĿߵ˽ӡֻԱ˵ı飬ֱĻСϡ
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ȵȡͽ˰ɡҪȥˡ
֮תŶԱ˵
ˡȥɡоڵء
 
31
ʼʱһӡǣֱʱ˻ûгϡ
ⳡĶ֣ǽ괺ʱս԰ʤӡǽͷض̸֮ǰĶȣǵˮƽǸһĲΡ
ȣ̸ΨһǿڱͶŬ˽ٵͶһɵۻͶԼǶԷͶֵһ롣
ǣ쿪ʼʱԱǶƣҼûô˯ִɸһҹûкۡ
ʹдҵıֶǳáѡǵע߶ȼУһ˿ҲûиҶؽűѡǵı⣬ǲûгֶҡΪŶҽ࣬˫ƾУ00 ıȷһֱֵֵ̡Ľ
ǣеֵϰ֣һɱԷɹһöԷһõ֡
ĵ߾Էٴͨõһ֣ȷֱ04ңĿǰ˳֣ݵΣվ档һɵһֱ᳹ŲͶԭͶ򣬵ǶԷϴ֪㴦ƣձ׷Ƶľˡ

ǸʱͻȻͣҴѡϯܽ˳ڣһֱܵͶĸǰ
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ǣȻǣҪʲôԱԼȫסϦ͵ʧȥеĿĺĿ֪꣬ԼҪʲôԣھʤⳡӵĽǷض޷ϵ顣
ʹżͶһɵӰ˻䡣ȥ＾ϣһΪ죬ͶĻͣʹʱ顣
Ǹһɣڱݡ˳֡£ܺҡͶԼǿ־;ϵľ侲ļͶź
ĳϵûɲжһַǳӵ顣һ棬еϲü޷ƣһҪŬӿͷǿ
󣬵һʹʱ̲סֽкáǣԼԱߵˣĿתԼʱæ֡
04ıȷֽ˵߾ֵ°֡һ̸ߵͷһݣ˵ݵľ˶˳ֵĺûᡣǣ߶ûܴ˳˳֡
һĴǣĺǳⳡһ˾ʹüİ򣬵ǶԷȴȡ˻͵ĻرսΪ֮Ĵǣûһ˴
ߵһϣһˣ˳֡һߣǲְľɡҹһûкۣ˵ǵһΡ
Ȼڽ糿÷Ҫ֮һȥˡԣڵӦľƣ״̬˼ǣȴ˿ûиоƣ͡
˵ڲӿ޵һֲ˼ĳʵаΧȫ֮ǰϯȻûгɹ򣬵ֻΪҰֵǰǻʱոպáܿõָо֮ǰδй
ǰӵعɵǺʹ˻رսɡɲûжԶԷͶֵֻ⡣෴ģʹԼܹμһԾĶԷͶĻмǶԷͶᣬԼվڻԴˣϣʾл
֮⣬ʲôҲû롣˵ûҪʲôĸԣ֮ѷɹȥͺá
һƫµı仯򡣲ȴ·ͶͶ֮ǰ֪Ϊʲôɾ֪һǱ仯򣬶ͶͶһ˲䣬ɾ֪·ߡ
ԣ׼һӳڴڲӯȫɸо쳣ӯ
ɵϼûдУȴȫģ򷴵˳ȥҰϿաʱҰȴһҲûжȫûзӦƾŴɵһֵıݴ򣬽ӵķֲСһ֡
 
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ⳡԴ塣ΪԷͶ֣ʱͬУĶѡ
ã֤Լʵûᡣ˽еĶԷҲǱԼͬ뷨ԣԴƯĻͱԼȶԷǿܹ֤Լʵˡ
Ǹʱ򣬲˼Ǵ뷨ȫʧˡֻһͷ֮ҪҪñȥ
Ϊʲôɵ״̬ôá
еԭ򣬴Ҳ׵ġԣֻҪܻа취ġôš
ϸ۲ŶԷķλáֵ֣ķλñȽϿ󡣴Ϊȫϯɹݵİʮ־ɡ
ǣԵһߵķڳ̴Ǳսĳ̸δϵĵһδ
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Ͼ˳֣ˣһл׷ƽȷˡ
һĴǰһִϯд˱ݴĴɡԷʱͣѡǼϵͶΧʲôԲߡ
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ġҪǼһ˵Ҫ㣬Ҳ
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Ĳӣ̨ϳ̸߷ӦԮҲӦšһ̨ϣСɳҲΪ׵ﾶԱӵȫ˳Ķ飬š
ǣΪеĳ̸߰򲿣ԼڴлԾı֣˴ͨڵķ˿ǰսЩҲЧӦԮţһ쳹յϻص
ȫӦԮı˸߳һ죬ƽֻ߲ݸĳ˰˲˰˵ĹǰµĻҵ
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ȷһһš
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գۼ䣬ͨ˶ݣݱƽʱŵһָԱȷϣָԱӶֱۣʾǰ
ȿָԱѡϯϳ̸߶ԱǵĶΪҶһתֱۡӵصֻӶšֻӶšɵֻӶšҲڻӶֱۣʾǰ
ӿԼٶȣܹݣ羪ΰݱƽ
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Ȼ󣬵ڶ׼ȫv֮Ѿȫǲʲô֡ʲô·ˡֻǰǰұȫѡ
ҷԽֵͷܴⳡߵλá
ҰʱԱһԱܹ
ˡͨ54վת̸߻˱ʤ
֤ʤ˲䣬v֮꣬ѡϯϷɱĶԱǣһһ˵ϡ

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ԣȻֳ֪¿òҪЦǣյļ⣬ǣմ﷢ȴǼҵ
 
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һ֮󣬳̸߰򲿵ȫԱӭ˼԰ĿĻʽվλҲ࿴̨ࡢٻƵǽ֮¡԰ڴѧУѡһȴ볡
Ϻ˾վѡǵԱߡʱ򣬵̨ļʼѡǽ볡ǰĲɷá
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ڼ԰ϣҪʲôİأ
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ʱǻûзĻش𣬻˵˿͸жİ򲿶أ˵?޻սΪĴأ
˼һᣬ
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