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Ŀ¼
    ¡
    1 µµĿ
2 Ϻڻӡ
    3 һߵս
    4 Ӳղ
5 Ĺս
    ¡
    

========================================================================================




1

λСӵʮԱ뿪ͼ˹֮󣬾ɵŷ˹ΪĿĵأڴƽԭĵ·ϡ
ʱԣѮգϼƶʮ졪ݼ֮ã˲Ųæǰ
ǵִ·ȹŵ˹ֵĽ㣬֮ķȹŵ˹ֵǰ֮ǰʹɹʶҪǰ￴
˵⸽ĵĵطӦþֻ˰ɣ
ʱȡֲҼ˶޳ɡ
ҲȪ
Ųһ㡣
˵Ȫ֮ǰɭֲѾݹܶ𣿡
˵
ֲдһҰܺõ¶Ȫʱ㲻ݵĻҲûϵ
û˵Ȫ飬СֻڳɭݹȪʵѡ
ǣ˵öԡ
˵û뵽˹ôңԶĵطȻиʿŵء
ŵ˿д࣬漴Ҳӻ
ǶһܽϣСƺҲŵˡ
ѽΪ˵ǶŵˣܽϣСһҲġ
ǲˡ
Цˡ
ҲʵԶ̫ˡ
ޱϯҲЦ
ôһͿӲصɽڣżɭˡ
Ӳһ˵һ
˵ҪӲ쵱ĿȪ֮ã
ŵɴ۾
㻹һġ
ûû
ӲĵʵµҲǿ˰ɡ
˵ˣģ
ǸϿǰȻʳȪ
˵仰ļһʱҪȱܵӡ
ǰ⸽ҲûʲôȤĶķ羰쿴ˡ
˵󲿷ǸصƬƽԭʹôߡǰΧľɫҲû̫仯ǿͷ羰ء
˶ԻᷳˣǰѰҺˮɫʳ
ȹŵ˹ֵߣͻᳯ˹ӽ仰˵ǿ˹ΧҲᾭ˹ͬ˹ܱߡ
ʱ˵ͼ˹ǳɧŸշá
ʮŮɡó̵ȺˣӦòΪǸʿŵԱȻǵСĽԷһλСαװ̶ӡֻҪĴ磬ʹԺгιۣҲκɡ
ʿŵסͷƷȻ͵ɵŷ˹ҪǿԼ̶ӵĳԱˡʹǰͷĶݡŷжӵƽװ

2

λģȽϴĶС˹
˹ϰ³֮䣬һݹĺ·ᡣ
ʵϷıֵ³֮ʱжϣٴ˹졣Խĺ·ĿǰѾΪֵһˡ
ݱ״ȶǻںüԭ
Χԭָǣ󲿷ֵĺǳźγɶµվΣҪźص·ǳѣǺԺٳַˣˮ·½·ɵö࣬ȻҪԭΥԽọ́ɫص˶һܵһӭ
λСӵҲԽŵ·˹ǰ

3

ɭֲֻǳúܹ㣬ͷҲ䰡
ڹᴩΧԭֵֵʱӲ˵
·ľоУȻҪ뿪·ɭ֣ͻΪľĹϵʹǰҲ൱
ɭַǳ䣬˵Ҫͷ·ͻҲ߲ҴڲϢޡδ֪ĶߣǴϮĴ档ǵˣƺҲɭֵ
ɭֵͨͷȻʹѾ˰ϣƺҪߺһʱִܵ
ֵխǰȻֻԲеٶǰԼ˫߻ȽϺã˼Ӳ·ǰ
ͷǼŵ˿ŵȵãǼӲȻĺޱϯţǸǣԼǰڶǣƥҮ
ٰļʻϣص
ݰԼҮ̨װݱŦӷ̨ϵİţҲһ
ͷļҮ֮䣬źóһξ롣
ιҪԼһร
ŵ˿ںͷк
ڼ·ٶȺܿ죬ʹʱҲһֱ롣
ǸǸ
ͣ½Ųԭصȴŵ˿ŵȵ¡
ΪʲôҪϳòѾӶ˵ողǲųԹ緹𣿡
׷ŵȵڿࡣ
ģֻǲСľ͡
ڼɦͷʱ򣬼ӲҲ׷ˡ
֮Ͼɭ·лҲû취ġ
ż̶ӣҲɳһǰ
ǰͤҪ΢Ϣһ𣿡
ŵ˿ͬ
ˡˣ϶һ·͵ͷˣ߰ɣ
ƺ˿ûҪϢ˼
ŵ˿¶ЦŸ󺰣
ӳǲҪϢֱȥͷ𣿡
ݴ̨̽ͷһӦ
ҪνǾɣ
ôͼ·
ã·ޣ
̤Ųŵ˿̣
˵ˣҪԼһ̫Ҫ·Ͳร
ɭֻ·ôܻ·
仰ǣļͿ첽ǰˡ
üû취
ŵ˿ֻܿЦ
ȷʵǲ·
Ӳ·ǰ
ɭֻһ·ƽĻȳ졣
ңȻ̫ߣĻӦÿԵ첽ǰĳ̶ȡʵİ죬һͿԼĽȫٱˡ
ŵȵ漴̣
ûҪ˵ֻ϶ȫٳ̣ԼӲٽȥˡ
ţҲԡ
Ҳ¶ЦļӲǣ
ɭǰһˣִͷڵλá

4

Ҫִͷʱֱߣһ˵ǺڡСͺ򣬲ϸˮᡣ
ŵ·ߵɹˮ
ȻȴܿɶɹĿȡ
Ŷջ涼ңúܼ̣ʹҲҡλ򷢳
ͦߵġ
ŵȵ´Ϲ۲ɫĺˮ
Ĵֱұڣûκ̤Ŵʵǡ
󲿷ֵĺǴֱ͵ĵΣҲһˮóϣԼж·صȡ
ûˣǺˣпܻˤȥˡ
Ӳ˵̽ϰ۲档
ôӦûɣοҲΪȵ˻ᾭ
ŵ˿վӲŵȵµԱߣһ۲档
ˮףȻܽƺȲˣҪǲӾˤȥ϶ˮʿӾν
ϾǽܹʵˮѵǾôӾҪǴӦþͻȥˡ
ŵȵ¶Цݡ
λʲô
׷֮󣬶ݴ̨̽ͷ
û£ֻġ
˵ҪˤȥӦþͻˮ֮ġ
ʲô˼
ûʲôر˼
Ȼû£ǾͿǰ߰ɣ
Ҫһ
յ
Ӳٶ̤ŲһӾ͹ˡ
֮ƽ·ǰͷ
Զ԰¶ȪΪĿ꣬λСһ˴ͷ˶ɴԽ
ʹǼӲʱҲζû뵽ֵľ飬δȻʽó


1 µµĿ


1

³һС·λںĲԶһȪ
ǰֻмҲ֪ܾ㣬³ΪȪοͣΪ˻ڽοͣѺüʱ佫Ȫӿĵصޡ
ȪԴĸǳ̲Ҫľںѻʯ齨̡ŴԴͷȪһϰʹõľ޴¶ȪΪȪԴˮºܸߣԼ˺ˮڵʵ¶ȡ
ֻܽһŵ¶Ȫǳܵοǻӭ
ں˺ü׼ʽȪٲȪҩȪȪȸʽȪϣó;ƣﳤͣ
³еĲЧˡֻˣڽҲǰΪȪ٣ʹ³ܱߵĶй֮Уڲԣһҡ

2

ϵݣǴӸղŹ̨ҵġ³Ȫʷ뷢չⱾֲ¼ġ
ȪļӲ¶ıܡ
㰡ϲֶ
Եİ¶޿κεı顣
ţûǶʷĶ㲻úȤ𣿡
𡫡ȪǺܺʷֶνˡ
ԴʱԱߵޱϯŲöͷĺˮ뻰⡣
ȫû뵽ֲûв׼ֲᡣ
Ҳǲֲᣬֱ̨Աѯʵġ
صȥʣĺϲֶӲ
ֻǰţޱϯҲ¶޿κεı顣
˵
ֱͦϰҪޱϯǰ鹵
زĺô󡫡
ţôȻֻ⣿
ô˵ַҲ̫Ȼˣǲʲôȥ˵زҩݣ
ҩݣҲҪ˵԰ɣŵ˿
ԲҪȻҳֻ

ŵҾҲûʸЦɣ
ŵȵµЦŵ˿漴²ۡ
΢ȷһºˡ
ѽʲô
ųޱϯ֣ԡ
ʱûŮҪֿĸŮԡϰΪģ¶ȪȻҲǻԡ
ԭӮȵ˿ռԼϲλã˾ֻѡû˵λԡرӴȻͷֳŮˡ
Ȼô˵Ҫȫվɸʽ⣬ǰ¶ȪοҪڹ̨ȡԡ¡֮Ҫԡ²ݡ
˳һᣬ֡ԡ¡֪ʽԡ²һɳȼϥʼȱϵϴӼԹ̶ǰʽ¡    
ԼȱĲƳɣʪֶ֮ҽһ൱˵ĸоȪʩԱ˵Ҳȫ㣬Բ⡣

վޱϯǰ棬ޱϯŵԡĿزάԭƽסˡ
ޱϯŲŵ֣æԡ°塣
ˣš
Ϊʲôô󰡣̫˰ɣǲеĶɣ
ŵͷﲻ֪ʲô
มǺǺǺǣ
Ȼһ߿Ц
һˮһ߿첽ߵԡ
ޱϯŵزаŵһٱô󡣡
ԡվֱͦͦģ˫ֲ΢΢ͦزͷӰš
Ż̧ͷݣȻ˵仰
ԭ֡
˵ʲô
С˵ôܻһٱ
ȻӸߴţӦ˵ȻһƲ̬ȡ
˵ҲǣһٱҲ̫ˣϾûвô࣬СǸޱϯŵزֻаŵľʮűѡ
˰
źȻ˹ȥ
СҲҪ⣡
ȵȡ
İ˫ץסݵԡһ򿪣Ҵ³
ذ
Ŀöݵزžεmͷһ󵹡
СˣҲ
ˮ
ƾ¶ֻǽƵǣֱͦƷЦ
ѽѽѽǵģԭôհСزû⣬ʮ˱زҪհþɣ
ɸȪˮİţô沨ȥ
ˣ
ķʽǴġ
ֻҪزйص飬ǧ򲻿óȻޱݻСӳսҲҪΪม
˵ʮ˱
ʹСӳǵóԼӮޱݡ
ҲǣӮɡ
˵ģǲдʲôҩ
ŵ˿ŵȵñ۱ƵƵͷ
ô飡
סزޱϯŴ󺰡
Үɧµı
ӲٰҲɧֳһξ롣
οҲޱϯŻСȽزĴС
ӲĿɧͬƿ׼ǰ׳ķ羰
˹ķ̾ǰȥɫˮ
λңԶһͷʺΪҸȾϺɫɫɫʵҶӣɢİƯͷ峺졣
ˬޱȣḧա
أٰ򡣡
ǸӲС㡭
ٰ𻰵ˬԶգǼӲתͷ
ôˣٰ򣿡
Ӹղţһֱĳڿ
ף𣿡
Ůԡ
Ӳתǰɫٶѯʣ

ǰԼʮ·ؾλá
ӲûתͷֻƶĹ۲졣
ٰ˵ûԿһ¶Ȫֻ¶һŮڹ۲
ŮԵûˣƺǶǰġ
һξ룬Կĳ࣬ͷɫֱ񻨶ʢһˮչ
ô£Ӧ˵Ǹ˭
ڹ۲Ƕ԰ɣ
ȷʵˡ
ѵǵʵֱ֣˹Ǳɴ̿͹
ôܣοǲ˸ٶ֪˹ӦҲûǲ̿͹ɣ
š
ٰȥȷһ°ɡ
ףӲС㣬ǺΣһ
ķģᷢʲô״Ҳڡ
ţõģȻӲС㶼ô˵ˡ
ʲôһһᱣӲС㡣
ٰⷬ˻ȥվӲǰ
ˮ򡪡Ȼô˵ԡԭںˮ¶Ȫˮλĵطˮﵽĸ߶ȣصŶʯҲʹ
ٰӲά½ˮƣСƶλá
ŮԽӽֱȷ϶Էʱ
ѽ
Ӳͣԭء
ף
ǰٰҲͣ½Ųתͷ֪ʲô¡
ΪʲôСֵط
ף
ٰ򽻻żӲλŮԵ
ףϳˣһرαװࡡ
Ůվ
ٰɴ۾
ʵĺɫ壬ͷҲ䯺ǣͻ٣ӡŲһ£ȻֻҪ뵽˵ĿţͻԼƵĵطһԭ˵ĸо
ǡС㣿
ûҪͷ̫עĿҾͲˣȻǼٷม
ųٰգգۡ
þòˣѧ梡
ٰæǰԱͷ⡣

ȻӲȴѹ̾˿
ףӲС㣬ô𣿡
ûСȻСǰ
ӲҡҡͷͶߡ
ʹĳµҪִаɣ
ٰһ£Դ΢΢ա
ȷ𰸣ǼӲƲû
ԵĻұȽϣȫ´
ô˵
ʱ򣬴ӸղžһֱˮƯİţƯ˵ԡ
ôˣӲ˵Ǹ˭
ѽţ㻹һСء
˵ʲô
ȻԷͶ׶ߡ

   ͼ

˵˭
šţλС㡣
ף
žȵ۾ϸ
ͷǼٵģܾǲͶ΢ıˣزҲбӡ
ҵľֻ΢Ļ߶Եร
ۡ
ĿİţǻȻ˵
С㣬ذڸС

زľޱϯŸһС޵
ſЦ˼Ӷֱ֮⡣
вУҸ˵ʣѧĶ
ô
ɥˣţŮԵļֵֻȡزСม
ӲҪοȴȻ󺰣
ӲΪҲվʤһߣԲа취˵ֻСֻͬŵ˿ŵȵãѣ
ʧܵһ˻ࡣ
һЦ

3

ౣ
һͷһ
ôˣ
աղĪһɶ񺮡
ô˵ұҲе⡣
Ҳˮﶶһ¡
ѽ
ղһֵͬǣӲٰ밮ۼͬһطĳ˽̸
Ӳʲô
˵Ǹ˭
ŵ˿ŵȵԴʱ򣬵˼Ӳǻ֡
λһ¡
ŵ˿ۡ
СһֺܲõԤС
СӳҲǣҲһַǳõԤС
Ҫʲô¼Ҫ𣿡
ŵ˿Դ漴ŵȵ΢΢ʼ硣
û취Ͼһѵˡ
λ㣡
ӲԸ߾ٵֻȦȦ
Ҳû취ˡ
ͷˮߵڵĵط漴ӲָİŮ˵
Сˡ
ף
˻ֽţ¿ԭΪǡİˡŮԡ
ôŵŮԣЦı֡
ˡλþò
ס
С㣿
¶ɵıѯʡ
ʧѵҿ𣡣
ٿС㡭
αװһ
ŵ˿¶ı顣
ֻͷоͶˡ
ûɣղСҲպڽ¡
ûرἰĸλб仯ֻǱͬ
ãҲΪԵʣһʿžͱ뱣ɫˡ
ĵԭӦפɵŷ˹С㣬ΪʲôطοֻǡѣСҲǸպ֮
˵ԴֱǲУ
СӳǴ±˵ˣҪĶУλСӣ仰˵ǡ
Ҳ˵Ѿˡ
Ӳͷɥ
ô²˳٣תܽϣСǡ
͡
תﶼһԵȻԽԽðɣ
ô˵ɣ
ܾò̫
ݵ뷨Ҳ˵Ĺʶ
ôܽϣС

һλСӵʮԱڳֱĶվˡ
ԡµʮŮԱֱվ¶ȪԡģЩĸоȻЩ˸͹˲顣
Ϊܽϣ´ҲǵļڽصŵδǰԿԤϵõ൱
ңʵҲȷˡ
³ɶ򣬷˹ϵ巢䣬ռ֮ɵŷ˹ļϽǲԮ󡣡
ʲô
λСӵ˶㵵ɫ䣬ѡ΢΢󵹻
ڶԱǵķӦ˵ݡ
ϽϱԶ׼õĲǲȥĿǰһֲѾڽԮϣ³ǰλСӾ³ɶԮǰ沿ӻϣͬչսжϾܽϣС
ס
λʲôĵط𣿡
˵ʲôĵطʣ˵еطʡ
ŽͶݡ
˵
⡢ȡղᵽҪǰ沿ӻϣҪʲôĽɫ
Ҫδ𣿶Ҫ˭ָ֮£˵λСҪԶӵ֡
ݻû˵꣬žͿ˵
ǽ밬Сָ֮¡
ף
λСӶԱǵľ޼
Сˣ
ֻǰС㣬СҲˡ仰˵ǸʿŵĵһڶսӣҲΪ³ɶԮô¡
ӲҲȲѡ
ʿЭӻ˹󹫹֮ܶøպþڸλСӼ룬ΪʹֻʮˣʿϾвεĹͬսˡ
ӲԭΪʿֻԹĳ̶Ȳⳡս
ȻȻһڶӲεжʹʿŻʵʲμսôһҲ
һڶսѾеִɪŵˣӾȻﱻɵŷ˹Ϊ³ɶԮ
ܽϣСġ
ġ仰˵ӲΪܽϣҪ³ɶҶԴ˲ȡʵʵж
³ɶ¼˵պͼ˹¼Եġ
˹³ɶΧǰߣ˹Ӱܹ鼰ˣλϰĶ³ǰ¶ش³ɶУ˵˹Ҫش̲ͷ
ҪǷ˹ϵ壬ʹб˹ӪĻ۶
˹˹ٿص·ǶϯҮ˵϶ΪصĴ
ôһ˹ӦûⶨسеļƻԲͼ˹Ȼá
Է϶ɱǰǲոӽ³ɶջؼӪ
  ô˹Э˹ϵԮпܻԷӲ³ͻ
ӲΪӦöò
Լ߻ҲΪսϵһԱ
һεʵս𡭡
һֺµĸоͬʱĳȴڴС
Լ෴еļӲŵ
˼С㡣
ŵ˿֡
һ¡
ѸٻΧȻ˵
еעĿҪҪط
˵˵ҲǣοҪһֱԡվ˵ͻðˡ
СãԶݵ״˵Ӧòð
ղ˵ʲôţ
ݵ򰮷ţ漴ҮϢƶŵ
˵زŮ˺ٸð𣿡
û˵飡
Լ߸²ۡ
ȴͷ
û԰ź׸ðˣҪม

ʲô£
ûС
ô뿪Ĳô
ŵ˿ҽ顣
ôɡ
ŻӦ֮˷׷߳ԡ뿪¶ȪǰŵĸʩУṩòͷһ

4

λСӵĶԱŷظһԡ£ڴ·֮ƶڲ
Ѿ磬˳ûкܶࡣ
ڹ̨һЩ͵ϣʮһռݲλ
ôҾͰϸ˵֮ǰǬɣ
žװϵͭ
Сӳͷ
ǬҪΪʲôǬ
⿴ԴļһۣȻеľƱ
ôףǽܹϲ¥ҲףλǿжϣԶĽԶܽϣС彡
ۣСӳֻҪ˲ڳ㽲ͺ顭
¶޿κεı顣
Ǭ
Ǭ
ûƺȾƵ䣬˳˼֮⣬˶Ѿƻơ
´þжúȡ
˵ֻļȵģ֭ˮƵϡ
ȻǸûСӣ
ڿ֮󣬼һϬķ
ѾˣԾСҲν

΢΢󵹵İŻָΪԭˣ¶üı˵
Ѿǵͬ־ˣ
ͬ־ʲôͬ־
ôСΪֹɣ
ԣʲô飿

ƲͷȥһƱϺȹ⡣
˺ˣѾ𣿡
ŵʹתͷ
˵һ״
鷳ˡ
ݴС΢΢ͷ⡣
³ɶж˹˵ڴƽԭвΧ㣬൱ܵ˹ӣȻĻǱȻǲ൱ģĲͼոܽϣСƲ⡣ҲˣܽϣСյһϢ֮ǲǰɪŵҪССƶɵŷ˹
λСӵĶԱƵƵͷרעŵ˵
ڽпͼ˹սʱ֧жӾΪܻᱻɵɵŷ˹Ԥ׼ϾͿƶɵŷ˹ܽϣСϽʾԽ֧жӼԮǰ沿ӣΪ͸ԽļϽȻ˵ͽܽϣСĺ⣬֧жûеȴ˹ӵִֱӳƶӦͿԵִ³ˡ
һ˵ͣĿ⻷ߵλСӶԱ
ĿǰΪֹʲô𣿡
ʡ
õģʲô𣬼Ӳ
εǰ沿ӣֻаССж𣿡
ʹʿŵһڶǾ񲿶ӣ⿿ıǲ
Ҳǡ
Ӳ˿
ֻжӼԼߵλСԮǰ沿ǰ³ɶݱĽɲǿЦġ
ܽϣС㲻´Ӧ˵ΪܽϣС㣬Բ
˳̶ȵǰ沿ӣҲֻܸ쿴飬Ҫǵзոǰ沿ӽӽֻܾβͳˡ
ֻСǷϹԹԳˣǷǳ˲Ҫˡ
ΪСҪûаӦı˵ǡ
Ͼһλǳϲսˡ
ʵȻӵкսĸԣȴӶֻսѡֻˣҲܳճ˵ʱ⵽սľǷʺϿս
ⷽ飬Ӳڽһ¼ﳹᣬʱ㣬԰ûôʶҲ⡣
𣿡
Żˡ
ʣ¿Է𣿡
ˡ
ʲô⣬
ΪʲôС֪֪ԤҪ

жıһЦ
ʵҳǴܽϣСˣֻҶม
ףˣ
û³пҵǵĵطҲŻᱻʵ֮⣬кüҲǰѰǣҪ³СӵĳԱࡡ
ԭˣôһ¡
˵ͷֵŵ˿ʣ
ΪʲôΪпҵǣ
Ϊ
شžָ˵
ȵһԭһԶ¶ȪܽϣС˵ˡֻҪȪԺ¶ȪЩһԲŹġֻ
¶˼Цɦɦͷ
ڶɾ˵ƽԭҲֻ⸽ŽȻͬľɫ÷ݵľֻܱҵõܽϣС˵ˡһ߹۹һ߷ǵЩһ϶ᵽǸһˡֻ
ܾá뷨͸ˡ
̾˿
ʳ
ף
һϰ
ƽԭܹ׽㱴ĵط˼Ĵ֮⣬ֻ԰ɣܽϣС˵ˡҪǿ㱴Բ˳ԵļԲŹġֻ

˵뷨͸
԰۵ż
˵뷨Ǳ͸֮ӵ˰ɣ
û顭
֮ΪεɣпҵǵĵطںڶߵģǱĶ˹ˣɿС㸺ġ˳һᣬĿ֮ԸΪܽϣС˵һֱڴƽԭҰϵЩһӦûȴɺֻ仰˵Ȼ˹³࣬Դƽԭ֮ᷳǣһ뷨ӦþǻȺԽܽϣСôΪġ
ǵĸ뷨͸ˡ
ӲĿЦ
֮ԻˣʹܽϣǹλСӵĶԱǣҲǹ۲΢֤
ӲϵܽϣжôԼȺˣӿһɸл顣
Ҿͱɵ³ˣȻͺܼ򵥣ʮһɵĻʻ¶ȪҴǰȪʩͷˡ
ѽѽ뷨Ǳ͸޿κεĳ̶Ȱ
϶ȪΪµĹϵ϶ӦȷʵΪСӳǰ
ˣҲԣԼԶȱ廹ҪҪ
ſ²ۣ漴Żɫ
û˵ʳʱҸģ𣡣
ˣ
Ͼ޷ϵ顣
ŵ˿Ԯּˡ
ʳǵĵõ㡣
ûûŵ˿
ʵڳ̫ˡ

ǿҵĴסؿڵ
ΧһЦ
ô¡
ŽƱʣµѾһƱŻϡ
ǾȵССִ֮ǾλʿԮǰ沿ӵָӹǰС㣬Ӧ밬Сָ֮¡ϵȷʵתˡ
ֱͦ

һӣӦͻִ
ǣ֪ˡ
ôҪѽȡ»رС㡣س̵ʱһͿСһ
õģǹݡ
ݻӦ
ǿԼҵطͶޣʱҵõม
ǣ֪ˡ
ˡ
Żֳȥ
ȵŵӰȥĬĬű˴˵
бصĳĬʱŵ˿˵
³ɶĹս𡭡
û뵽̿ͼ˹֮󣬾Ȼᷢ顣
ŵȵ¼ӻ
Ӧôӿͼ˹ʼһ¼֮һҾӦҪôͱȽϺá
ӲͶı顣
ʲô˼
ô仰˵Ϊε¼Ǳ˹·ǶϯҮȨʷУȻᷢ¼֮һ
ĻһѶҪ˵ǹĨ𣿡
ű˵ҡҡͷ
˵ҲǣС֪ӲҪ˼
ѵͬӲ
֮䶼΢ľ״̬ǲ֪Ϊʲôܾľ״̬ƺʼ߽ˡ
鷢ˣȻҮ˻⡣
һΪħ
ù֣
ȻӲϰ󵹣ȻˡҮӲٰˡȴǡ
˵ã
ҼͶһƱ
ƻƽսңħ֮⣬˭õ飿
Ǻħһж񣬾Ȼڶƽ£
˵ΪħһԲܹƽ¡
ͽСħע
ޱϯҲ˵ò
λ̫ˣ
ںڰħ飬С㲻̫Ըȥ룬ĿǰȸԱߡ
С㡭ù֡
û뵽ʿŵĵһ͵ӶҪμⳡսݱ˾ȡ
˵รȻ³ɶԮ˹ǱҲƲɣ
ŵ˿ӼӲͶкߡ
ǵġǲƲӦ˵һǳӡ
ڼӲӦ󣬰ѯʣ
Ϊڿͼ˹ʧܹһΣ
ǵģ˹ѿͼ˹£ļƻŸʧܲöѡֻˣҪվǱߵ³ɶҲʧصĻĴ̫أпܻʹ˹Ұܵش졣
ŵ˿΢΢˵ͷӲȷһ顣
Ӧþô¡ôñ˹ľԮ˹ոпܻᣨעԴŴвա

ͻ𣿡
ӲһҾ³
Ҿпܡεĳͻ޷رܵġ
üͬһ
ôһǶԣ⽫ǡһεʵսɣ
ŵȵ¶Щصı顣
ǰȻüսľ飬⽫ǵһս
ʲôսأ
ô˵ѹӦ
ϾһģսλСƿսľ棬ӦǼֲŶ԰ɣ
ûӦûֻҪħʲôֵͺá
ù֣
Ӳٶ󵹡Ȼ
ɼӲƣսƵľ棬˵пܻ֡
λСӵĶԱʵ޷ȫ뷨

5

ʿŵĵһڶսӣڸ͵ִ³
ͬһʱ䣬˹ѺöиͿ˾ǲԮҲִˡ
鱾ָԮı˹һͬǣפɵŷ˹ı˹ӻڽг׼ָӹǴĲ³
εĹؼԮָӹǡ

6

磡
ˣŵ˿ŵȵ£ƽ̫ˡ
˹󹫹׼˹˹߶˹ŵ˿ŵȵõĸ硣

7

Ÿյ³˹ط겢Ҽ򵥴кϣٿ»顣
ϯ˹ԼĻţʿǰӣ⻹Ϳ˾ǰ沿ӣΪīɪ˹һԣڸͿ˾νһְ
ʹλСӣҲûбȥμⳡ»飬ֻڻ֮ɰתΥ״
ⳡ»¼飺
һǰ沿һ׼ϳ³ɶ
ǰ沿ӵ֮ǰǰ³ɶԮִϢȥ
Ҫ˹ոǰ沿Ѿ³ɶĸͱȽоųٽ³ɶڡ
ġ֮󣬾һسţȴԮӵִ
塢Ҫ˹Ѿִܱߵ򣬾Ҫ潻棬ȡҴ󷽵սͬʱ³ɶȡϵȴӵִ
ǰ沿Ϳ˾ӵĵīɪ˹ָӡ
ߡԮɱ˹֧ѺùҵϲɣͳΪԮӡ
ˡȵ˹ӵĵһִ˹׼ͻϴ³ڵֱִ֮Ӽӿٶȸ˹׼
šǰ沿֮䣬б硣
ǰ沿ӵָӹٲǰС㣿
ȫװİݵѯʣ˫ֳϿŵʼ硣
Ϊͱ˵ӵʺϸָӣοͿ˾ȻֻǸСԷӵнͷΣܲһδһٵжӲӳָӰɣ
ô˵ûλڸͿ˾Ľֵ𣿡
˵ˣڻʮǿơ
һشһԵӡ
ô
ҲͰͬȫװͷöͷס״̬ΪڣԻа
ЩļҪӮȡ˹ҪúñһҲ޷뷨ҾҪСıǣű߱ȽϺá

𡭡
¶ı顣
ӲҲˡ
˵ǲ˵ǡɣϣҪս֮ǰȱԼ˳ȵĸо
Ȼⷽ飬Ӳô˼Ҳһ޼£ֻܽӦ
λĻӦþͲ᷸ʲôˡ
֮ϣҲǰ֮ǰ׼ǵѾ˹ˣԾȥȡװɡ
ǣ
λСӽ֧Ԯ³ɶǰ沿һӺ͵ӹͬչսж


2 Ϻڻ


1

ˣŨ
ɫδİҹĻ֮У类ɴֵİװһ޼ʣȻƻõգȻפھӪȴûĹ⾰
Ǻ鷳󣬶ڽսľ˵ˡ
ûߵ硢ֻ״ʱ磬һŨ֣ȫûа취Լڵλá
ʹɳٶҪ޷ȷϷԲʮ·ءʮߡΧŨҪòƶͱȵ컹ѣοȫϤأоĲӲòͣ½Ų
״£ʿŵĵһڶӣĿǰСɽϲȴŨɢȥ
ǵȻֻгճյȴѡ
ָӸʿǰ沿ӵİƵƵ˽飬ŬҪΧ״
Ȼ鲿ӣҲ޷ŨжҪܵû·ƽԭ룬Ľ˵鲿ӿֱܻ·޷ӣʹˣҲȼ۵ľٶ鲿ֻԷڵ·ָƶû취̫ܵԶƶѵʱҲƽࡣ
鲿ӵһ࣬ڸղŴһϢǾǡǰезڲ󡹣Աʾп𡣽ӵϢİǲüȥĿǰڵȴڶ鱨档
פ˾ǣһѹ
ˡ
Եĸӳ΢΢ͷʾ⡣

ǡ
ʿŵĵһӲӳ˹ģ˹ϴȫ׵İס
ֻǰڳеİʿԱŰףҲףǸȫװֻף˻öͷװ֣ʾĵһڱս״̬
ڱս״̬ĲֻǵһӣӡĵҲڱս״̬
ִ³ɶľԮս
˵һڶж֮⣬һҲμⳡսûǵλСӡ
Ŵܽϣŵݵ˺ʣļڣʹ춼Թ䣬Ȼ³밬ӵĲӻϣ֮ΪԮһԱ
԰ΪģۼսܲʿԱվڼװɵҰսԱΧһȦ
֮ȽעĿģֻֻãҲ֮µģټϼСӶѣȻӵòǾӪ˾ԭͲﳤӪҲû취顣
ǰƣʿŵĵһڶܵŨӰ޷ֹͣоĿǰ״
Ŀǰλ˾Ա£ǰӣȻ˸Դٹϯ֧ӷֱӳϯʱˣټλСӵСӳ븱ӳӲϼʮˡ
˳һᣬʱǡʱսӵСӡƣΰжжӶԶıƣӵе뼱Сӡ
жӵĸСӳûбᣬλСǶӣСӳ븱ӳӲҲ׼ϯӦ˵ǰǿǳϯġ
ߵ˾İӸӳɪ˿ܿͰԱˡ
ŨʹҰΧСʿԱҲǸһ鱡İײһʣǰֱǰããһƬʲô
ǵС֮һһӣжӣһСӵСӳ걣İӸ鹤ԭԺ;ԮȡϵȻ
ȡͷ֣򰬸԰ʽľ
೤걻ˡ
һ̬ѯʣ
ô
ǣĿǰ״
Ӧɫ
ԥһ˲֮һΪ˵
зһ֧ӡλڸͿ˾ӵĺ󷽣ǵ󷽣ΪѾǵо
ı棬ڳԱǾе
ղŻŻرǰƵоĲӡҪǱҲڵˡͱʾڷǱѰ̬
ȷû𣡣
ڵôŨûпܰѾΪо
Ϳ˾Щʲô
Ӳ£ȻѸȡ֡
ˣҪߴߴҽ
ǳƽȣСȻԱϾͽ͡
ǰС㣬ȫһ
ĬĬһĻļӲ԰ݲȵӦ
ĳϣҪָӹٱǱţϴȾսϣָӹٵһһΪָӹǧһ㣬Ӳϵ
أ
ʣǸҡҡͷ
û취ȷľ룬ϾûԳΪڱڱԻѵӦòֻʮһ֡
ҲԣƽֻҪҸСɽȥͿԿڵ̫ŨˣԷӦò鲿ӡǾأ
Ӧа￨ҡ
ʲô
漴¶εıش
Ϊ̫Ũˡл΢
΢˾ڸʵԼǰе˵ʵûиı䡣
İתͷ򸱹١
أ
û
զ࣬ѾȡֵԱ߲䣺
ϾôŨҲû취Ҫ˵ˣȷӪصλӦöŶԡ
Ҫǿζͺˣ
ǰӳõȻ룬ĿǰҲֻ¶Ц
ֻйõ
ţͷ
ˡ
Ȱָʾɪ˿Ϳ첽߳˾ǰرĵ೤
ֵǵڶӣжӣµСӵСӳݡ
೤ݱ
밬⣬ڻ֮󣬾ͽǰһ
ʲô𣿡
ΪŨĹϵ޷ȷĿǰǰĵзȻƺֻǼ˵ĹģԻΪҲһǧ˵ܻǧңƲǵзӡ
оõкü˿ûз
ղŰԡˡ棬ҪַɧӦû˵ˣʱס졣ֻһȭ
Ҳ˵
תͷ򰬸
ƺߵ̫죬ѾǰС
ƺû
״ͦȤġ
Ȼ˵ЦԱȴɫ䡣
Ŀǰӵеıʹ֧ӼҲˣ뼱СӲսӡΣʱǻνսʵϵֻһʮҡ
ﲢֻаʿţѾͿ˾ǰ沿ҲڲԶȻǱֻһ֧˹ģĴӣбҲ߰ˡ
ɵİզࡣ
зһǧ֮ڻа취ӦﵽǧĻ̫ˣҺҲеоҪǵзض·ȫΧͺпȫû
ֻҲӦλں󷽵ѾӣҲ֪ΪΣзĻӲ֪ʲôʱ򣬽밬ǰ沿󷽲м䡣
Ӧ˵ǰ沿ӱɵ̫ǰλˣָӹٵĸ
жϡ
ֻ󷽵ѾϵзӾǰзĻҲλں󷽣Ϊսѡһʼû취ѡˡ
ΪԷһӪû𣬸Ϳ˾ǱҲһзӦûûв
Ӹô죿
ʱһ˰ĳ˼
ˡ
̧ͷ

೤ܿˡ
೤˿
յʲôϢ𣿡
ȵѯʣ˿ı˵ͷ
ожˡ
ʲô
ǰĵзһƺʼ׼ƶѵĻĴƶ
תͷӡ
ѵԷˣ
ôŨӦòᡣ
˵Ũƶɣ
Դ˵
˵ԷǲǵѾҲǸͿ˾ǰӵĴڣΪǵѾпܵġ
ǵоǺ󷽵Ļȡϵ԰ɣ
Ȼ֪ϻѰһӣԷܻܿɱ顣
˿άıͷ
ΣȥĻǱзҲֻʱϵ⡣
ãˡ

2

İ೤˵󷽣ڳʱ̬ơ
ӳɪ˿յԱʣ
ӳΣ
Ȼ̬ȻӦ
ôȻݱ־ƣҲֻ˰ɣ
ֻƽоֹľе⣬ΪӵСʿΣյŮˡǡΣĶӳǡ˻ջĳƺš
˳һᣬǾ˼ǡҪļļڼӪΪӪͬĻͻɹŻĴɢյסңյþ⡹ִѡ
仰˵ǾﰵʾǶôΣյĴڡ
Ȼô˵ֻǶȤȺԸۣսֶӳʱ˼侲ţðʧͬھѡԿսʱûгûͣȻڸʿﵣսӵĶӳ
Ҳ˵ͷ
ɢȥȵŨɢȥǽȫ¶ڵ˵ǰԳӦǱȽϺõ
µһ굼ʪһֱµҹ֮ͣͬʱһϿգʹý峿轵еˮȴΧγŨ
⣬ܱߵĵƱطõͣҹ޷״̬ЩγĿǰҪأ֮״ΧȫŨֲָ֣״
ɪ˿ݰѯʣ
ʡͿ˾Ǳ߸ô죿
ǲǵķԣǿнֵطܵоΧҪǼǸˣٶҲá
簬˵³ɶԮǰ沿ӵָӹ٣ԸͿ˾ĵīɪ˹ˡӦȷϺ󷽾ԮӵĶ֮ٲȡжأΪ˸Ͽִ³ɶҹо
ԲӱУһ뱻ое״ǡҲ⡣
ɡǣҪǲҲ
ӳᵣҲǵȻģĿǰ˵Ϳ˾ձ˹󹫹Լ
ֻչжʿ֮˾ϵǰ沿ӵָӹٵīɪ˹ǸͿ˾ĽԱɪ˿뷨ҷӦû֪ᣬԡΪΣգһˡ̬ߡ
Ƿǳȷ
ȻԲͷıԣ
ܵ·ϻرˣ˵ǰеҪܡҪôоȫ޹أοǰ沿ӵָӹȻǵīɪ˹ûǸʿţоԼж˹׼дӦھΣʱоˣԲġ
ȻԼ˾߸ʿŵĸ߼ɲô˵ˣɪ˿Ҳûм˵ʲô
֪ˡô½ǲ׼
ͷͬ⣬½Ŀϵĵͼ
ڣӦĸߡ

3

һڶжӲĵڴƽԭвĵͬǰںΧǵݵشֻҪ뿪ߣǴƽԭ˶ĵΣҲƽĻء
سƬƽԭǴڵСˮ⣬ƽԭΨһĺܹ㣬ҵʢҲϰĶ³д͵ȪʩλλСӾܵЩҪصԴ뿪ͼ˹֮󣬾ǰݼ֮á
л˵Ϊֹ
ĿǰʱӽӰ롪Լ峿ҡ
̫ûΧȻŨȵ̫Ӧþͻɢȥ
ȫɢĸֵôһзȷʵְʿŵĴڡ
ڰҹŨ˫ںԤϵ״£ûв˴˵Ĵ룬ҪϿִ³ɶǰ沿ǿҹоĿǰ״Ҫأ˹Ǳ˵Ҳϣڱ˹Ԯִﶼ֮ǰֹһòǿн˫ûв˴˵Ĵˣû״ߵʱսĻʵͦߵġ
ΪΪԮǰļӣ֮ԻԤзӣԭڸͿ˾ָӹϣ˺ҲʹԷ
ǵģָûк£ҪָȨͿ˾Ľ罻ˣ
ݺݶⷬ
޷϶Ҳ޷񶨣ֻıתͷӡ
Ȼƶߡ
վڰǰǡ
Ӳʲô뷨𣿡
ף
߶żӲ
ĻشӦֻǡףɣʦĲСҪΣʱһЩõ𣿡
ʲôʱɡʦˣ
Ӳɴ۾Ӱ
ڽпͼ˹ķոսʱŦ˹ȷʵѼӲΪʦȻʱֻ㣬ÿͼ˹ĹسԸɼӲսʿûСʦְλİƺԴ㽫ĳƺְλʿš
סǵģǸ
֪ǺõļӲŰӣƲ˵
˵ʱֻҪѼӲѹեһ£ͻεδһЩõˡ
С㣬ù֣
󵹵ļӲ
ιӲҿ㣬ѾûʲôʱˣҪûŨɢȥǰ鷳ˡ
ӲĿڵͼϡ
ͼŵһڶĿǰ״
Ӳȡ̧֮ͷҪǴֻ᲻㽲
ʣС㣬ں󷽵ĵоӡ
ע⵽ʲô𣿡
ΪǿƵΧ𣿻Ǵܵģ
ţҾӦֻǡɳ֡
ҲôΪСʲôأ
ԭˣԷǲǵĶƵ󷽣ʹǿ϶Ѿǲĵص㡭
ǵģôŨҪǶԷǲƵҾǿ϶յߴµλãĿǰ˵зӣûз׶Բԣ
걡
첽ǰư֮شӳ
ԷûʲôԵľٶΪϽҪǶԷŨɢȥ֮ǣǾˡ


ͼ


ĿתӲķ
仰˵󷽵ĲԭŨҪӻϣܵǵô𣿡
Ϊȷġ
ΧкüԱ˿ȴɫ˵
һܼȥϾӦûɳѰӣ˴ߵӪڷ֮ϴͿ˾ǱߵӪ̫Ӧû취̶ֳȡзߵλòҰ鱨ȥԷϾͻȡж
з֮ԻᶯΪҪѰ֧ӡ
ӲҲͷͬⰬĻش
ǵģǱų󷽵оߵѡƳ
ȷʵûڿսʱ㣬зӾͻᷢˡ
ǵģԭƽԭȵŨɢȥ֮Ϳøˣֻɱ򽻽ԴԶĵطҪһһš
ԼԳ̬¶Цݡ
˵սֻҪħʿʹôģħˣϾͻᱻ֡
ǵģʱӺܿͻɱлǡ
ôһ߳Ӧķɣ
縧ͼ㣬ϸָƶ
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Ա߲Ǳɪ˿ǰĲҲǵˣԿͿ˾Ĳӡ
ҪѾ⵽олȫûȴֻûвսƽΣǲЩ̫
ţ
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ɪ˿ͷðüʺš
ֻǱɪ˿ڳԱ¶ıԴ
ӲֹĨǵ˵ʽƽһദλСӶԱе⡣
ƺҲ̫Ӳеĺ⣬תͷݡ
ӦҪǳ׶ķʽ˵
Ҳ߶Զʩεѹ
̾˿Ȼǰ̤벽
Ӳ⣬ԼȴöǶȫûжԴ˸еˡ
仰˵оӦûΪûʲô֪ȵĸͿ˾ӣַĸʿſ±ȽϴĹʩһսƵľԴӲľ˼
ͬʱ˵ͷ
ԭˡ
е
ʹһǵˣ򵹸Ϳ˾ĲӱµĹ϶ȽϴΪˡ
֮ǰĿͼ˹ոսҲ˹Ǳ߳ԹͷԷӦҲһҪɫ
ûûΪǱĳˣת
кı鿴Ӳ
ףС㣬ʲô˼أ
Ȼûκ˼ȼ˵ȥ
ߴżӲ
ĵظһ۵ļӲ˵
ҪߣѾͻἸȫ˰ΧлΪһҪĽ
ţһ¡
ֵʳָĴָŶͷ
Ҳ˵Ӳ
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˼ҪǸյо׷Ѿ⵽Χôһ𣡣
ǰС㣬Խת졣
ӲĴЦ״̬ϵʵʱ˿ûзɣԳص˵ͷ
ǵģҾҲҪߺ󷽵ĻӲС
ԱǴſ죬ʧ˻ꡣ
ֻжһȻΪӣҲ۾¶ȵı顣
˼ǡҪһΣţЩʰ̯ӣ
ⷬȻӲĲĳַӦ
Σյţȷʵˣԣǡָоôһ£ĳ𡭡
ӲԴ
ιӲ
Ӳæ̧ͷ
ǰС㣬ҪʲôߣѾȫûĻҾûڸ֮õĹ
תͷӣʼͬʱҡҡͷ
û
ʵ״ô۹˵ˡ
ӶܾȣǶԼӲҪֵ߲оǶĸʿ뷨
֮Ҹ˲⣬״˵ȷʵݱɴųæʰ̯ӡ
ȻܽϣŵģʮȤǰϣԼţʵܽϣţ⽻ƶʿŵЩŻǰûеĶ
ҪܽϣڳĻ˵ͬ
Ҳ˵ҪݱѾľ棬ʹʵ״ΣʿŵҲ𣬶һΪʿŵδɲС𺦡
ǾȼӲʧļ㡣
ȼӲӵ⽻ĲŻ
ӵԺһǣӡ
鷳飬ǶΪֻҪǸŮ˻ͼСˣҲԽһﴦ
뷨Ż˵
Ҳں˹˵ЩʲôһҪų絽һֱ߶
Ӳʵ޷˵ǵģ˵һ㶼ûֻ϶
Ҫߺ󷽵ĻӵĻôһôֱɱΧҸϲķʽࡡ
ʼ˼
ҪôĻݱһ͵սֻǻӣλǰӻҲɱʱûߡ
뵽Ӳһ⡣
ֻᵼ¸ʿŵǰ沿ӣͿ˾ǰ۬ӱоΧȫû
ܸлСûΪԼϲ̶Ҫô
ϾڴһСľͻᵼ¼Σ״̬ǰӲҲΪӦòԼȤڵһ˳λڵڶ˳λҪ޷ִеĵһİ¾ͻԼȤŽڶʺܴ
Ǹ
ڰס֮ǰӲڳ˵ľ巽Ҳܵķ
ܵķ򡭡
뵽õ𣬼Ӳ
˵Ǻõӣ˵ֻôˡ
Ӳ˵ͣһ£΢΢ϿŰȻЩԥӣƺ̬ȽͳóȻɲԡ
ν˵˵
󷽵ͷʾ⡣
ҪӵĻҾֻߡ

4

Աϵıøˡ
Ҳ¶ı顣
Ӳ
˵⣬һ˵꣬԰˵ļһ档
Ϊǲе̫ˣû߾ͻӵзӵǰз㲻ԸҲᷢǣ·ᱻסȥ·Χûе·ֻйԭ֣ԲϤλõӦû취߳ɭְɣ
Ҫ˳ѣΨһķǴɹȻ޷֤ܹȡ˴˵ĴӦ˵ͲȡãҪǻûϴĶԱڰлεʱо׷ʱֿҲû취ɣ
˶һ㣬ƵƵͷͬ⡣
˵ҪһȦܵ³վǻᱻ׷ϣǲɭпܣҪǱƵɭΧӲˣղŰӳ˵ϤػǲܴԽɭ֣ûϴĶԱֻʧɭʬҰǱ׷ĵΧ򵹣Ϊֻֽ
˵ⷬӡ
̲סȡֲ˵
һ£С㣬С㡣
ʲô£ݣ
Ӳ뷨ϲֻģǱѰֳʶΧҲ֪߳ܣΪӦ˵ٽжϱȽϺá
Ӳ󵹡
С㣬ù֣
ûôһ˵ȷʵû
ӵͷͬ⣬Ӳٶ΢΢󵹡
СС㣬λҲù֣
ôӲ
ӳתԼӲʡ
Ȼӵߣûд
кܶû취ϴ
˵ȻҲɱ׷
ô˵Ҫźߣ϶ᱻ׷ϡ
ҪԽɭֱȵ컹ѡ
Ӧô
Ӳ¶鴤Цݻش
ԡ
ӳĿӼӲ˵ӣ˵ǵȽʵ
ԣ
ȻûдôӾͺˣ


ͼ


΢һӡ
СȻỬӣϡ档
ΪѵõĹ⾰ĽкãԱıעӼӲ
ڶѾϰˣԲᾪȻŭȻϰ߼Ӳֻ뷨˵ͻҪ׼ҿЦֻ
Ӳ¶ĵı飬۲콫˫ֳҰսͷİӡ
Ǹ
Ȼ̧ͷ
Ȼͷϸһļ΢΢
ϵıʧˣԷǳʺϡ֮ı飬Ӳ֡
Ӳ
У
ҪӾ
ףʲô𣿡
òǣʲôɣ
ԭˣ˶ȫװ׳װףӾʱɹĸӦ˵ͨ˴û취Ӿġ
˵ҪǴӾɹ
ӲоԼУ𶣡СС
ˡʲô
żľͬ
ƺʾĳ顭ȻûָоǼӲʾȫûͷ
Ŀǰƺ׷ʱ
Ͷ𽥱ն񣬼Ӳæʼ˵
Ӿȷʵ࣬ѵ׾ˣֻҪûи˿϶εùȥ
Ӳô˵ƾоݵġ
ԱԭͻΪ˲μŲиˮѵ֮ΪѵһʿҲ˽ˮѵʿû˲Ӿ
ԭˣ֪뷨ˡ
üͷһ£ֻǲϵͷ
˵ӲҪôã
ӲȻϰ
ءҪᵽ˹ȥŪ˴˵ĴӦûǿŪһҴɣû취ߣҾþֻ÷ˡ
ԱӺһ
Ҫӵһٶ׼ֵİףͼСô˵أ
Ǹǣ׻˵𣿡
ͼСӦûѰ׿ñҪҪɣ

ȻӲͷϾͻָԭƣƴ˵
ɵŵ·ܣֻᱻо׷ͽǰҪǶԷ׷ӲˣѾҪߣΪӦҪ˳Ϊȿ
۵ȷȷĳ̶ȣ˵϶ӦôŻ֮һĻʿͼСܡ
롢¡ѿ˵ԽԽˡ
̧ͷ
ӳҪ飬ҪرܵǰΣҲǵҪѾȫûмĲԣ˼Ӳ֮ѡʱӦҪӾʦĽ飡˵ûɣ
รûµҲֻܰվʦ뷨ȥˣȻʵڲǳҵı⡣
ʣλǲҪиأûɣ
϶ԣ
һ㶼û
ǾֻܰվʦķԸȥˡ
Ҳ̧ͷԶӦĿǰŨնӺûڿκζ
Ȼġ
ô˵š
Ȼܲᡭ
ӸŽӻ
Ȼ˵Ưصһ
İװɡ
ƽĽ̫ãȴܹͬľ硣
û˱ıݶЦ
Ҷ֪ʹûиκͳɹˣҪİףųͼ罫ᱩס
ͼˣֻԹ仰£ǻʳ٣ʳƷʽͣ״ûԣëȻĿֲͷȴţΪ˱ݱ̬˶ϣһֻܹΪ
ݵıŤ
Ȼ˿üӲҪǲ֧λСӣݾͲ⡣
Ҳû취ϾµҲûķˡ
ü´̾˿
ŵȵ»ǰǴŻᱧԹֱȥԼӲ˵ɣСŭ𡭡ҲҪܼڼӲϡ
ڶⶨºԲߵʱ򣬰վ
ѾѡʱˣͼС֮롣
˵ʱͣ٣΢ɨӲŻΧжӸɲǡǾķߣܵȴֻȻ˵ѵϣ˾ӾķʽɺҺýûʲô磬Ӧòˣ羡
ɪ˿СӦ
ѡ𻮴ˡ

СӸڻڻӱ뾡о׷ȡʱ䣬ҵжӻɳһСӣ
תͷݣҲ˼εľ
ͰλСˣԭҵĲ£ҵ󡣶ݣԸ𣿡
ľ֯ⷬȻǷǳġһ˵ٲԲĴ뷨á
ȻȴԷǳȷ۵Ӧ
ĿǰС֧Զӵָӹ٣λСҲڰСָ£ÿܷԸ
ҾͲˣɵһжӵĵһСλСӸڻ⻹Ҫһӡ
ʱתӡ
鷳ҲһСӣħʿСӡ
Ҫħʿԭģ赲ģ׷ʱֱӽֻ޷ȡ㹻ʱ䣬ҲḶĪ
ħʿԶ빥ڲֱо󶯸ɸֻܹ꣬ҲڴŵЧҪǵõоˣƥܵо׷ٶȾͻͣ׷ıҲۿۡ
֮ԻָλСӣӦҲнŵĴ뿼
ϣŮħʿö࣬Ȼȷԭ򲻵ö֪ħػ֣֮ûܵػף˾޷ʹħػףԸƫŮԣ˵ŮħʿȽ϶ԭ
ⷽҲᡣ
СӶһħʿȻõ״ʹֻŮɵİʿţҲѴյôħʿ״˵ÿһжӶֻħʿֻмȷֶӵħʿرߣ
ӻԼħʿСӣҴһӡ
ɵСӡ
΢΢˵ͷָŵͼϵĳһ㡣
羣Сӳ
ǡ
һӵһСӵСӳ걣ڶӵСӵСӳǺݣڻر֮ӪΧʱܿ͹ˡ
Ҫ뿪ص㣬һӵһСӡڶӵСԼλСӣĿǰλĵѡһʵĳо׷Ͼ⸽ǵһߣ֧ڻɵһӵһСӵСӳ걸ָӡ
걡ݡӲɫصص˵ͷ
߳ڰСӡأ
ôڶɳڶСӡ
ָڵͼϻ
һӵڰСӺ͵ڶӵڶС֧Ԯӣ⸽ǵڶߡ
ӳͼ
һӵһСӡڶӵСԼλСɵڻӣȴһӵʱ䣬Ҫǵоû׷Ϳʼˣһֱ˵ڶ֧ԮӻϣҪо׷ҪỊ̇ԵĻŹӵʱ䣬֮˵ڶ֧ԮӻϣоǼ׷֧ԮӾЭڻֹо׷룬ҲҪ취Ӱӣ֧ԮɵӵڶСӵСӳɯ㸺ָӡ
ӵͼ̧ͷΧͬǵԱҲ̧ͷ򰬸
λʲô𣿡
ʡ
ʱһսսؾ֡
÷˿ʲô⣿
δ÷˿ԱԼ׿һѯʣ
ҪӾ飬ֻҪ׾Ϳ𣿡
ӦòС
Ȼ𡭡
Ҫϰʱʪ͸鷳ˡ
ᵽġ¡ָǡ׵µ֪ġ¡ϲȫͬװ׵ʱ򣬴ڵµ·Ҳᱻɡ¡һ֡
÷˿һڿˮ
Ҳ˵
ӾʱҪѹ⡣
ڳԱǵıŤˡ
Ķͬһ¡
ǾǡӲһ鷳ļһ¡
²ÿڴϣֻҪͷϱУôһϰ֮ͿҪױӵĻܴľֻʣˣܲϣܰɣ
ҪǱ³ڼӲ˫˫Űס÷˿롣
֪ˡ
÷˿пԵı򰬸
𣿡
ûѯʡ
ôϿʼ׼ˣǵҪ̫ˣܱԷǵĴڣмָ𾯽䣬ҪõзֻҪֿﵱѹش
֪ˡ
ãʼж
Լĸӳʾ⡣
ӳʱټСӵСӳ״ȥ

5


ͼ


ӲҲæתصͬڻս׼סǡ
С㣬ʲôԸ𣿡
תѯʣ΢ñͺ˵
ǸˣǸѵ񡣡
Ҫϡ
ΪλСаźޱϯţҺڴܹˡ
Ȼ԰ŵħڴ
ҡ
ޱϯӦдһЩϰɣ
¶ı˵ͷ
ӦдŶԣ˵дʲôҩǶҩ˲Ż֪
ֻҪоĽŲʲôʹãǸ߼۵ҩҲÿ֮ᲹͼС㲻ϲ취
״˵ޱϯЯҩ˽ƷǷҪûʹõķʽȨޱϯŵϣʹǳҲ޷ǿʹãԲŻ˵ֻ
Ȼ̬Ⱥг⣬ȻѾ˵̶ֳȣޱϯӦ޷ܾ϶ҲԤڴ˱ֳӦ˵չʾɲĳǸ֤ǵߣӲһ
սӲӳˣȡַǲһ˸оһܼԦˡ
ӲΪԼѧϰʽ顣
ллޱϯҲǳлС⡣
ݳͷ⡣
Уݡ
ǣʲôԸ
΢ǿνǲ׼ҲΪǡ
лллĹġ
ݱָмٶȵͷ⡣
ȻóԦҲҪԼԦСļϲ¥УͷĶݣӲʧ顣
ãôȥ׼
֪ˡ
Ӳ򰬸԰ʽľȻæҪصڴλСͬߣȻ

6

ʱ
󷽴
ô£
¶նı顣
ߵ𣿡
ӦǴӸԶĵطġ
ѵ
ӱɫ
Ϳ˾ǰӱо𣡣
пܣ
羣
ӳӦĺ˹
ϿʼˣŨΪ󷽱ֱŽֵߣ˵ĲָӣֻҪܴĶ߾ͺãݺԤõȫӵУڻӽ

Ҳνת֪
ǣ
ɪ˿תȥԵӡ
ӣԤƻҪָڻӣӾ鷳ָӳˡ
Ҫˡ
Ȼ룬»һ뷨
ȷʵôһڻӵĴʽߡ
ҪǸͿ˾ǰ沿оο϶в׷Ҳ϶ᱬսҪݱ״ʵսḻָӹǷڣӰսĽ
ȻҲԸָڻӣӳӦòòĿǰѾûʱˡ
򰬸
֪ˡ
ӻ񣬲ҵ˵
ҪӵзӵǰԽǰȥǵѾӹȥ֮ӵĲŻΣãɡ
ӷȥ
ȡ֮һӵһСӡڶӵСӣԼǵλСӳԱǷ׷
һӵһССӳ걱
ӵССӳݱ
λССӳݱ
ûͷʾ⣬Ѹٶ
Ȼϸ״ѾƺзӷˣûʱȷϣлˣǽֱӰӪ뿪ȻλˣҪǰԤڻҡ
֪
걣Ҫڻӵܶӳ
õģҪλΣ
ҡ
֪ˣ
һ˲䣬걵ı鿴ƺŹԡ
ֻҪӳ͵Ѿɹˡ
һСӵĶԱǶôΪ֮һӵĶԱ԰̶ȷǳߡ
ڶӵСӵĶԱǣ϶Ҳİٱ
λСӵĶԱǵȻҲһ
ӵָӹٰС㣬Ȼᵣڻӵָӹ٣˳Ծ
ʹǼӲҲ޷ξ֮飬ͬʱҲоǳ˶衣
˹ܱߵľƺȶʿûоʽսʿڱ˹󹫹Ҫ£Ԯֲμӹս
ЩսĸʿԱҸʿŵӢ⺷ܱ֮߸𺳣ҪΪϣˡ
󷽴źŭԽԽˡ
ڰʿŵӪҲǴӸ봫
ʿƺѾвֶԱʼƶˡ
Ӳڳɱɧ˼
ɰСָӡȻǵһεʵս״νӵ˵εҲ΢һ㣬һˮɰɡο
ӲĿһڴλСӶԱ
Ȼûʵսľ飬ȻλСѾۻʤʵսľ飬ÿλԱ˵ܹһٵʵɣֻҪ˵׷϶ܹ˳񣬶ҲḶκεǵģ϶ˡ
ãӳȷϵоǷɱ׷ߣ
һ£ڻӵʮԱ޵ʳ빤ߣִһ߼


3 һαߵս


1

ԼΪٶɢȥɫûӽȻģ״̬
ŨУ׼Ӻ󷽳ƶڻӣ뿪ӪڵĵͰʱ˵о
ǵϣ״֮ǰͷʩˡ
ȷˣע䵥ˡħʿͼȶԱԭش˸ߣ
û˵İʹͷǰ塣
зӵӰʵظС
Լжʮˡ
ƶϣӦǸ۲ܱ״鲿ӡ
˵˫൱
ȻŰɱڻӣתۼͽ֧û״ĵзӡ
а·սĳ̶̾оķ֮һһ˴򵹵ģĻԾʵںʺϡɫ֮衹
֮⣬ҮµսҲֵһᡣ
ӽ֮󣬱ħЧ׼ӭˣǵûκεа취ǰŵǰ
ҪпɳݱŦͺˡ
ȻŲĵضţȻͲҪӱϵȡݱŦⳡս˲ͽˡ
Ӳֻһˡ
ǡ
ʹˡ
Ǵһˡ
ϹǵĴڼӲϣ˸оǳżΪϢȴķڵ津С
ڼӲԣ׶ȿ˵ľ顣
꣬ҲûУԥֻᵼԼΪʬ׻عأ硣
ӲһȥϵѪѽջؽʡ
İԲܸ˵ı˵
ĿǰûмȶԱĻᣬղкüߣߵĿҲˣзĻӿ϶׷ҪȸͿ˾ЩĿҲˡ˵԰ɣӲ
ǵģ˵û
ҪǸղŵĹöԷ߹ǵıӦҲᱣĳ̶ֳȵĽġƺѾƽ뿪Ҳ·ɣҪȡʱӭصһЩ壬ûɢԲҪ뿪·棬Ҫûŵ·߾ͻͬʧˣһҪСΪλȡжһСӴͷмλСӣСӵ󡣺ãȫ
ǿҴзӵ鲿ӺڻбǰԽ˵εͻϮ˵Ƕ֮׷սĪӰ졣

2

ˣûɢȥ
ʹˣܱʶľȷʵ֮ǰˣֻҪ̫΢һ㣬Ӧþͻɢȥ
λСӣһӵһСӡڶӵСӣСɵڻͨĽֵԱߣԼʮˡ
һᴩƽԭĶֵȴԼ·أȻ·ƽûʯʵֻ˹̤ɵĵ·ֻҪ뿪·صʯҿ飬ҪͻŢ·ȷʵࡣ
ǰ￨Χԭֽǰ򣬾֧ԮӴĵص㡣
ȣڻҪһߣоӵ׷ӣͶԷ׷ٶȣõ˻ҵʱܣ˵֧ԮӴĵص㡣
֧Ԯӻ֮󣬾ԭءڵڶٶȹ׷ĵˣֹǼǰ
ȡĳ̶ֳȵʱ䣬ڻ֧ԮӻڻϹǰһߡǰĻ롣
Ϊ˴ﵽĿģڻӱһߣԵз׷ʩȷʵĴ
Ҫ׷ֱͨ׷ڳ˵İʿӣݱʲô״
ڴǼΪѵսҪı׷ϣʿžͲýһսҪûֱ׷ӿս󷽵ĵоüս֣ôһ޷ֲսĲ࣬õĵһڶսӣܻȫûΣ״
Ϊ˱̬ڻ֧ԮӷǵҪڶȡʱ䡣
Ŀǰ㣬׷ӻʲôĹģ
ڻӵ˵۵з׷ǺӻݶӣֻҪŽֵͲʲô̫⡣
ٶΪȵĳϣͼߵĵ˱͵ϮĻӦûɵӴͷ׷Ԥ轫⵽ĳ̶ֳȵķ㱻ֵҲν֮ܶǾ򵹵ˣսлʤ˹Ǳ߿ܻе뷨֮һ
ٶȵĳϣֻҪ°Χߵĵ˳Ϊ֮ȫü
ѹ٣ԵĻзһ򾡣˳ĻԲսʤʹԷͶʹԷˣҲһֹ˹󹫹Ҫ֧Ԯ³ɶսĿ꣬˹еһ뷨
ҪǶԷ׷ԤӦò̫ӦǼʮңӦҲᳬˣȻзӵĹģ塢ӦƵ֣ϾӾǰӵı϶ᳬһǧǰ˵Ʋ⡣
ôһ
Ҫռ˱һɣǾ塢ʮң΢һﵽɣҲһ¡
ֻĹģ⿿ڻӵʮƺҲܽ׷սǲı߸ߡ
ʿŵĳԱʵȽϼǿͰսݶΪһ
״˵ʹԷֻʮʵʵսҲʮһ壬ҪаʮʮʮһĻʮ٣ʵڲǿ濹ıսҪһȫͶŵԿ⡣
ʿŵȻͶȫıǰҪǵзӵڽսʱս֣ݱɲҲ̶õľ棬һڶӽ߽⣬״ȫû
һ棬Էȫչ׷ʹÿǣҲӵ㹻ʱսֻˣо԰ΧķʽΧˣҲû壬Ż˵Ҫǵڰ֮û֣ͳ˵ڶߡⷬ
ˣз׷ȫ׷ӣ߿˵ȡֲԶӦ֮ӲƲӦûǰߡ
˹Ǳߵϴͼ˹Ĺս̬Ԥνֲʱʧ̬
ҡ
һ˵ߵĲӴŶ޷úͳʣֻҪ׷Ϳһ߽⣬սݱɵչ˵ս˵ֻҪ޷ֿӵĲбһˣоܻŹĴûᣬ
ֻʿŵľǣʹΣĹͷҲԼܣǻ볷˻¸ҷҪǵΪֻҪ׷ͿʤĳɹԼУḶʹĴۡ
ڻΪõ˸Ĵ۶Ԥӽ׷
ֻһȽ鷳ǾǽֵԱ߼û壬ڻӵ˲ڵƽ󷽣ʱڶ档
ûгʱû취ڵúǾͶ׼͵ϮӽӣֻҪûԤϵĴڽӽڻӿ϶ʩ൱̶ȵĴ
Ȼܵĵ΢ЩϾֻһƬƽԭ޷ȷǷݶǰ˵ö鳯չԺӵʽӽ
ΪӦòÿо뿪·ԭҰǰĿԡ
Ҫ۳ں·ԭҰԼλã˴˾̫ԶʧɢͻʧԭҰ֮С
ħʿ֮⣬˶Ź
⿿û취ֹ۳ҹƥ
Ҫа˰ٿ꣨Լʮƥȫۣڳײʱĳֽ˵Ǹߴ֣ȫװ൲ƥǰҲ顣
Էֻһڼײϵʱ㣬ڲ˲ָ߳սҲȫ첻飬ԵǼʮҪȫǲܵ飬ֻʣԹһ;
޷ֱӹֻҪƥˣƥ»ܾʧأĿԾͺܸߡ
䲻ֻҪƥ޷жˣûҪϸ׼ǾԽļԽá
ٳ۳ʱܵĳɲǿЦģӦд󲿷ֶ޷սˡ
һ棬Ϊħʿİŵûװ
һСӡСӵħʿˣѾħ·ءֻҪӳܹͻʱԤ׼ħ
ʱ䲻ԣ޷ôģħҲ͹һˣֻҪƥʧȥþ͹ˣܾ˦ǳܶνƥŵͣԭزͿԹС
տʼħ빭ܹ򵹶ƥǷܵˣӰⳡӭսɹؼ
е˴ӻ֮гϮڻӣŻԶ̱ӵķʽӭΪ˱ʱɷ˶ѽȡ
λСӡһӵһСӡڶӵСӺϼʮˣȻȷֶӶԱڻУ˲սԱȥ״νӭľֻλСӡһӵһСӡڶӵСӼϰʮһˡ
ڻӵ˸ԶԼѡĳȴ˵ĳ֡

3

ʱڽ֮лš
ŨҲʱɢȥѾ͸һɴˡ
˻ǲ
ĻȻõĽ̲סбЩڴӲƴ˵Լѹ顣
˻϶׷ΪǸղܵĴ϶ưոݣǲֻǱŰٰ㲻飬Ŀ͸ʿŴǰߣǷǵҪȡʱУͬζҪε
ֻǼӲͬǵ϶ͬľ⡢

4

ˣ
ĳ˷ûĽк
ϡֳ︡Ӱ̤Ҳ
Ȼӹж٣
Ϊ˼ӽĺӰĵ΢̧ͷ
ӼӲ߿ȷϵԼʮҡ
ЩǼСӡ
ӲѸнкüģ㡣
ԼߡʮˣҼȻûвͬеĻ
ǰǺϡ
ĻԸ㶨
ȻսʮʮӲȴΪԸ㶨żʵҲڻָӹٰʵ
־ڼӲڵĸۣͳȫ
ϡİɫУӰ𽥱߱ӲЩӰ
ȻŨɢΪЩ޷ȫٱۣעΧĶһȷ·һǰ
ҪȫɢȥˣĿǰ״˵Ҫ뿪·ܻ޷ԼλãϾΧһƬû·ƽԭ
仰˵統Ʋ⣬зֻݶŽֵۡ
ڼӲ˶൱ˡ
Ҫĵطչս϶ӵлѹԵƣԷԺӽӽͻݱɻս⵽ΧΣճ̶ҲȽϸߣҸҪģҪǶԷûŽֵƶͲᾭڻˡ
ֻӲʵڲлεŨ
ͷΪεŨзĻӲŻ·뼺Ӫı󣬶߾Ȼûκ˷֣ҪûǸûбҪΣһս
Ȼô˵Ҫʵ⡣
Ŀǰûȫɢȥ
˺ϳߵӰ޷߷ڲֱ֪״£ܵϮʿɹ״̬ԷıʤʹüƱԥǰ
үǿվһߵģӲ˼š
ӲͬһİųϰӶ̽ͷ𽥽ӽĵˡ
ٹһ㣬ٹһ㣬ٹһ㡭
ӽİ˵š
պþʱ򣬵зӵĴͷִԤĵصˡ
ŷ߿
ħġ
ֵ۵⣬ҷȻ졣
۰
ѽ
üˤϵı졣
ŵڶħҲˡ


еˣ
ͣͣͣ
ӽͣԭأػѰҵˡ
Ӳ˳еĺӰ
ڣż
ڰͬʱ˺ѿ

ɶ񣡡
ٶ𼸸
ӻ˲ᴩףϵװ׺ܱкܶಿλûбֻҪУкܸߵĻˡ
ӦսӦս
Ҳзӵλã
ɹķػ
ֻڣҼӲֻǴӶ̽ͷ׷޷ǵȷλá
ǰҵʱ򣬰ŵѾˡ
׻
棡
磡
ħҵǡ
ЩǿĴΧħʹֱҲˣ㹻ˡ
ܵħʧƥȿ񱼡
ǰ沿Ѿˡ
ڻڼҲûֹͣ
˺˺󣡡
ʱ˺̬ƣ
ȸӻϣ
ڽŭҽ״Уҵǰ沿ӻų˵󷽡
ֹͣż
ʩֹͣ
ȷս
µʹʮԱӶ˳ԤѡȷսԱ
ǽ˺Ȼĵз׽ȷ״
ʱϲܿԣ
ȥʮѸս֮ˡ
зʧΪ

˵ͷû¶˷ܻʧӡ
ȻɺܴĻңзı̶ȴߡ
Ӧø࣬ܵ˶ˡ
һ棬Ȼ˵޷ֻƥߵ϶ࡣ
֮Է϶ʮˡ
׷ܹаʮˣ˱ֻһ壬ʹôֹ۸߹ҲӦòɡ

Գս˵ǲĿʼΪʿûκ
ǲԵΣȵǰ沿ӻȥ棬ӵ϶ԡзΪǰơ
ӳɢˣ
µѣʹð̧ͷѸٻܡ
ͷѾȫָΪһƬˡ
ҫ۵̫ڶҫŹԡ
ҰѾƽԭһͷ
ôһߵ״ͱǿˡ
Ũɢ
зҲѾȷħʿˡ
޷ղһ䲻⡣
ѹ
ͷϷˡ
ǶݡӲšŵ˿ŵȵ¡ٰҮޱϯţŵʹҵͷ

5

Ѿɢ۱ʶӵˡ
ʮССڵ𽥱ǶԷ䣬ûһ롣
ٶܡ
֮걻Ӷӡ
ǶԶͬµİš
ӲҲæƾͷϡ
ӽ;ͬʱֹͣӲ˴Լʮʮ·ҡ
ż
Ӳӳʩͬʱż
ļ˺ѳʪĿ˹
Ȼ󲿷ֶص̽棬ҲһЩʿԱĶ
ü죬ǶƵס
ĹС͹ֻҪ빻ԶͲ䴩Ƶ
Ҫпյżż
ƺųкӡ
ǰŵڶžѸǰżŵҲϵǰٶȷżҲνһ
򲽱ֹϢżзӽһ൱ձս
һ֮ʹս˵޷ȫշõ״£ƲѲȡֶΣȻ޷жϵзͲԽӽ
ڸղŵǰʮˣ˴ӶԷĳ̶ƺǸ߹ҷǿ϶ΪʹַʱȴȷʵķʽӦս
ʿ˵˷ʱһֵûӭ飬Ϊ㰴Ҳȡߵʱ䡣
Եģ߽൱Σյ״
ڶֶܷ˹ļӲͷϻ顣
״УӲԴ쿪ĵӣ˵档
ӸղţͷͲʸƵÿһΣͻһΡ
û뵽ʵսôš
û뵽˫ս˵
Ȼ
Ҫ¡
ʵûкܺ¡
Ѫޱȡ
ͷ
оĳֲǺµżӲԴġ
ҡ
ڸָӲӵİ
ֳǳһų衣
ʿԶָӹٰȻᵣڻӵָӹ٣Գ˵ǲܵ飬ΪһĹУڻΪý뽫߶ڵġ
ǴսսԶ֮жһָ
ֻսӦ£Բ֮ս˵վǼһԼҲһ㡣
ǰߣ;ÿͻǰֻҪհ£;ÿ˳صͬǵߡ
ָӹٵĴڹȻǺҪءޱҪء
Ӳڵһεʵսᵽһ㡣ᡢᡣ
׼
Ӳæ̧ͷ
ĿǰӶղŲͬ
зӵľѾʮ·ˣҪǶԷ񱼣תִ֮
˻ûг
Ӳ϶Ϊǻûȫߵá
֮ԺֻԶƷأΪ˱Էλá
ֻҪûλãֻܻ룬ڻӵͼ
Ҫˡ
ѾɢȥϾѾôӦÿüĶѨˣôһӿ϶һ롣
ӲּŶƣ
ͬһٰҲͼӲһù
ˣ뼧ûȡ
ӽġ
΢΢ӣȴӶȥʱ
ʱ
ĳѵ
ӵǰðһ
⡢ʲôȿȣ
ȡȣ
ӡҵıӣ
̰
Ȼܴ̱ǵĳζϮϵǺÿʼԡ
ûޱϯԤ׼ҩ
ΪҪóԲϣзӿӽһҩˡ
зļֹͣòס
ڣ
ӲĶѨ˳
ҮˣԼӵһССѡĳԱɵĹᲿӣڰԱӵиǿĽսʵ
ڣ˷ż䵽Լˣ
ݵźܡ
Ӳ¶ܿᲿ׼ɱȥ淽򣬳Եż
ʸݵ˺ѿ
Էûзޱϯŵҩ﹥ƺŵЧ
ڹᲿӵִ֮ǰŵʹõķ֮ħڿеҩζһɨա
ҪûôĻԼ˶
ȳԭؿԵչƵģֻװļ
޼ɵм䣬ҲýͶ׼ǵüġ
ѽ

׷
ˣеˣ
Ӧսȿȣ
νȡȿȣ
ڼӵʱ򣬰ĹᲿѾչˡ

6

Ჿڵо֡
аսĿࡣ
еϸʺӿ
ǰ׼ؽͽϵб㣬Ҳûװױĺ򸹲ǳſԴսϱۻؽڽ
ҪҲλͿƥĽš
һһˤ䡣
ĹᲿӳԱҲǷսи
嵽ֵһͷҲǵзļ㼺ļǰչ
ʱ㣬з׷Ѿ뼫Ȼҵ״̬޷Чķ
룬ֻʮ˵ĹԱȻѹʵ˾ȡ
Թ֧ԮᲿӣλǣƵǰмЭֻˣΪܼϮмƥܾ
ӲٰݱŦˡ
źͬ顣
֪ˣš
õģš
յˡ
ӲٰѹڵϣֳֶýӶѨ˳ȥ
ϡ
ӰڰԵģֳħݱŦûдƽǼҶߵķװϲźüȦɫƤ硣
ԼڼӲֵٰĶƺ󷽣ŽֵұߣҲӵܹȥ
ͻļѸֳ
߻ͻͻҵѫ书٣Գ֮վһУ콵֮һУҵᰣ
ǰļӲٰб󷽱ѣ߾ݱŦȡƵվڰŵǰ
ŵħݱŦᱻʹõħӰ죬ʱҲܹվڰŵǰ
ݱŦתи߾ٵֹʸɹӵļӲٰҲûǸ߾ٶƱŵͷ
ŵǰü
ĸðɫߵĻ棬ҽŵзȥ
ǰֳɺüߣƥĽűߡ
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еʱ򣬵ִƥűߵĻ棬ӵ־һȥԻϵ
ѽ
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ڻ֮
ڵ淭Ҫ䵽ƣ³ȼմ
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ӰɣӲ
ת
յ


ͼ


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Ӳǰͺٰһн빭ѵٰ֪ļʸżΪķӦԲŻͬ𱣻š
ȻҲмԽٰķأݱŦ¡
ôܱſſļУ
һ߿ܵı֮£˳ս
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ӲٰصղŶصĶѨ𹭼ȻͰݱŦһܡ
һֱԹڻĶݵˣҲӶѨ˳ڼӲȥ
һСӵĶԱҲ뿪Ѩߡ
ǣƵ˵ĿѾִˡ
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ۣǰʿŵսǸߵˡ
ԼλСҲǿսһԱӲЩ
ȻзżᳯӹĹᲿֻǵĹĿǰ˵̫вʹˣԱǾŷɹļ߾СͶƲܣΨһǼ
˵Ӳȵ°ͶҪˡ
ȻǱܹģҲ˵άԵ˵ƵţһߵܣһзļʹƣܲٶҲԱ࣬ʵǳв˾㵵ʵ
ǸӣͲеļˡ
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ŵ˿̽˳ȥ
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ܹ̫ԡ
ף
Ӳæȷ
һˡˡˡˡʮһˣֻʮһˣ
ӲϳӰ
ӳĹᲿӣϼʮˣԼȻֻʮһˣʹһԱսˡ
ԣǡ
ŵȵƺҲˣߺ
бһˣ
ԭˣ͸ߴҮһˣǸ˿϶ǹᲿӵͬ顣
̫ˣûڸղŵս
Ӳ˿
ֵúܺá
ҲһΪģ
Ա²ۣ
˵Ȼܱ׵˻ô죬ҲˣӲҲüҲãΪʲôСӶһЩ˰
ţ⻰̫ˣ
Ӳ󵹣
ǽ̸ʱ򣬰ĹᲿѾܵͬǵȴĵصˡ
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ǣ
ӲҲڹᲿȥ
Ŀǰ˵ⳡսݱ䣬ȫϸʿŵԤ⡣

7

ڻӳȺѾõ֧Ԯˣڿƽ㷢ϲõ
ȫڻһ֧ԮӣͽжԱ̱ڵء
ˮˮ
ȶԱҩ
Աȥǰȷûе׷
֧ԮӵĸɲѸ
ƥٶǰȥ
ԶΪƥѡʮƥ֧Ԯӡ
ܵȵĴֻ򵽴Ͼֻܰƥ£԰жϻƥ֧ԮҲӵгԽʵս
ӳˡ
֧Ԯӵָӹ٣ڶӵڶСӵСӳɯ㣬Գ򰬸⡣
һˮ
ιﰬСˮ
ȶԱæˮ
ʹ콫ˮһˮȶԱ
Һ˶ƽ¡
ɯô˵ҡҡͷ
˶ƽ
ף
ɯæܡ
ȥӦöڳŶԣôȱ˭
ɯĿͣˡ
ߴҮһԱ
ǣ
ɯ첽ߵҮǰ
ԲŲæĽŲӺ󷽸
ҮԱʹı鸩ӵǡ
˼
˼ڵڶӵĵСӣɯҲ൱ϤѾȡֵ˼٣ҽŤüȻ׸Ǳ̤İ
С㡭
ɯ㿴Եİ
зǹУ⵽ɳɺƥС

ʹȫױ޷ǹͻ̵Ĺᱻ÷ɿҲȻ顣
ڵغ󣬻а˰Űٿ꣨ʮİٹƥ̤㴩Ҳܺˣ΢ĻǹۣصĻܻΪ
˼״ֽźѾˣֻˣʹıԼʱȳѪҲƻˡ
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ΪħʿļȶԱӸղžƴħ˼ħҲܵġ
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΢΢˵ͷȻ˼ԡ
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յ˼԰׵ǰŸкǡ
֪ʱֹͣˡ


ͼ


ȡ֮ܵģʵ
ӲҲˮ
вֻкͬıˡ
Ӳһ߿һ
԰Ա뿪̩Ȼ̬ȸе
ڲ֪зʱ׷״£Ȼ̬ȴ飬ֻԸˣӲģʵֻ顣
ӲоˣԴ˼̬ȣԼԭıʲһ£һַ곡Ϸĸо
ղŵдαװġ
ǳܵƻǻڱܣʹǼӲҲö֪Ȼö֪ǼӲΪ϶Լ
仰˵ղǵģòǸΪԡ
ʵϣػ˼УԸֳԶӳĸл
ʵôǿһգӦòòǾ̶ֳȣӦ˵γΪʿսӵĶӳ
ȻšѪ֮ŮǡѪʿȵʽĳƺţ°ĵķʽȴǼ죬ܹʵУȲǳƻǱܣڱҪͷչֳ˵ͷǵݼ
ӲԴ
ЧȻԼӦûһͣӦ˵ԼٱЧĳ档
Ӳ΢ͬԱĿӰʱԴļȶԱ
Ǻá
ǣ
ȶԱæһ鲼˼ϡ
ɯ㡣
ǣС㡣
˼׼Աڳ˵ʱһߣпܱ;ɭ
ǡ
ɯæԲ½ָʾȻվڰԡ
ôС㣬½ָȨ
ȵڻƽǰϣڶߵָȨͻύ֮ǰõľɯŻô˵
ȻֻĻӦһ
ţҲԡ
С㣿
û£顣
ɯԴ
СƺЩѻò˼ʹܵɣⲻܡ
Ȼʿʱûндģսڱ˹󹫹Ҫ֮£üԸ˹ӵʽμսҲӲս
Щսﶼս˹ǱߵȻҲһʿ߼ʹֻͬȥ԰ÿսʱ򶼻ܵ
˼ʱ򣬰Сչֳ̩Ȼ̬֮ȣ̬ƽû

ֹսԼ޷˷ļȥ
ƽֻǼ󣬰ֻãʱڸֵطҪ֡
οֻҪʿţۻ൱̶ȵľ飬ԼԱӦѾʱܹ̹Ȼܵľˡ
ɯ㶼еľ򣬰㼶ĸɲֻΪͬѹĲɡ
ôСЩʲô
ǲɯߣ԰´ָʾ
ȵȴԱر״֧Ԯά״ڻƶ֧Ԯӵĺ󷽡
촦ߵƣƣ˻ָȻиСӵĶӳӳ߼ϡ
ڶߵָȨɯͳΪ֧Ԯӵĸӳ

һȷʵ壬ɯ˿

8

СӵĶӳ븱ӳϺվڰΧȺָʾȻӸղžһֱֵһͷһ
⸽γƽ£ȻƽԭΣ޷ԶҲǵоڵķλ
۲⣬ҲֻܿڻӸղӭ˵
Ȼת
Ϊٵ
ĶӳҲһת
ԶõɫɭΪüһƥﱼ۶
ӵĴ
˴󺰡
дǰرʹѾƽִϣҿʼ˵԰ˡ
˵ϸְĵɫ
˳ˡ
ͬʱҲԼ߿Գˡ
뷨¶˵ϡ
ֻаһ⡣
ΪӭӴɯԼСӵĸӳܵ󷽡
ӵĻرɯϸ˻
СҪѶϢ
ͷɯ㿪ʼѶϢݡ
ѾִҳɹʹСᾡԴֻԱΨԱ޷ȫϴʱ򣬲ŻӾķʽɹ֧Ԯڳɹڻ֮󣬾ͺʵʱ˵ϣ߻׼һҴȸλϡ
ΧѹĻ
϶ɾ͸밲ĸУΪϲϣ
ֻаһ⡣
ϵıȫʧˡ
ɯ㡣
û̺κε
ȫڡ֮״̬
кηԸ
ӸղŵָǶµİɣ
ǵġ
ɯԼĳֲ
ȻѾнӹָȨʹӵָֻһָҿԼ뷨ж԰ɣ

˼ĳ飬Ƿǳ顣
ɯоıýġ
ûɣ
ˡ
԰ٴѯʣɯҲֻʵӦ
Զʵָӹǰ仰˵ԶͷĵλҲ֮ϣȻڵڶߵָӣûӵָжҲָϵͳϵ⣬ºҲᱻΪ
ɯͷʹˡ
ѾƽѣȻ֪Ϳ˾ǰôȻзӹ׷ǣǿ϶ܹܿоΧĽôһǽҪôжˡ
ʵҲƲҪôж
ȻѾѳɹôڻ֧ԮӵҲΪֹֻ֮Ҫһӵϣɹ׷Ӿˡ
ǵȵĴֻԤϵĻ࣬ƺҲԲսӾɺˡ
ֻˣзڻӳ䲻ĵֿԤƻΪص̬Ƚ׷սӦûֻ׷ǸĳԲΪıӣ֤ݾԱûرоֵϢ
ԣҲԷ顭ȻôиñȽϴݵ̬ȳˣֻ֮Ҫ뿪ˡɯԭôΪġ
ǰƺôġ
ҪǾôСЩƺ䵽ǳΣյ³ɲԤɯ㣬ӿһҪסӵǿҳ嶯æԼץסԼ֡
Ȼ󺰣
ʦ
ûκ˻Ӧ
һӵСӳ븱ӳǣ¶ı˴ӡ
ǲ֪ڽ˭
һ棬Ǹܵһޱȵĺ⣬ɵôһ¡
ιʦҽӦϻӦɣ
Ӳ

ɵ÷ˣǼӲ
ӲսսָԼ
ʦ֮⻹˭
϶һ١
ס
ղŰӪؽʦʱԭӲΪڰ뿪Цµǰƺǵġ
ȻáʦƺӲʹʱ򣬴ҼӲսô¡
ʿΣյŮ˰ʿ뷨ƵŮ˼Ӳ
ҪɶôΣֶôƵ̬
³ֳε̾Ϣҽߴƿͬʱͬ¶ɯĿӡ
ݵУɯӿһɿ˵ͬ׽С
ӲΪô
Ǹ
ӦҪôӦӲ΢ԥһ¡
ȻѯôʹԲҪԹԳˡ
С㣬Ҫ֮ǰٴһ԰ɣ
仰˵϶Ҫһܹáٴһ뷨еøЧʵļƲߡ
ﶼ⡣
ʱǷӦֱͬٴһ뷨Ӳжϡ
밬ղӪضȻ˵£Ŀǰִſ˵ȫ෴뷨Ҳĵ
Ҿֻһ
ڣԷղ׷ʧܣܵصĴ
˵зԲΪ壬Ϊٶȸӱ׷
仰˵ԷŵòȡΪص̬ȣ˵Ҫз׷Ҫ˵һԵȵսҲΪ
Ȼ̫ˡ
ڻӼ֧ԮҲֻʮңһ棬зĵڶ׷ӹǰӦþͻˣࡣ
зϵԴСղŵϮӦòˡ
ôһ
Ҫ¶ġٴһͲҰƽԭ򣬶ҵзǴӸߴ˫صԣӦҪӭо
ӵͻôЩĸ߶ûʲô壬ǲ֮Ľ棬Ӹߴ³ӹɻȽǿ
ȻӦҪѵоɭֿս˫ս̫࣬ҪǱΧĻֻȫû
ҪǰѵоϣΣʱûʱϴˡοҪǵ˱ƽͷֻҲпܻܡţ
Ӳٶݼʱ߹ģɭͨ·
ǵǸʱ򡭡
һɭΧᴩɭ쵽ϵ·Ȼ·оĳ̶ֳȵޣɭͷľҪ뿪·ͻúߣߵ󣬼µ·ͨͷʱֱ߻һСͺĵطŲִܵͷ
ԭΨһһ·
ںϵš
Ͽĺˮƺ
зǶ
˻ϵƽ
Ӳͷַ°ͲдʣΧԱҲ
¶ܸȤı顣
ݵλСӶԱɯ㣬ȴ¶˾ı顣
Ա¶ı顣
ԭˡǸԭô¡
ĿǰڼӲУƬƯһһͼ
Ӳϸֹͣˡ
С㡣
̧ͷļӲ̺䴩˵ǿҹâ
ʲô£
Ӳûѯʡٴһ𣿡⣬Ȼ뷨ΪǰῪ˵
սĿ趨ɡһɫơΣʵΣҪõоȫܱǲܵġ
һЦ
׳˵Цݡ
ôɣԵĻϣɫ-ǿҵõû취ʤม
ΪֻһӦ˵ֻһطԴﵽսĿꡣ

9

ԱĻر˵ǰԼˣڶӽںȻûȷϺӵӦñǰ沿΢һ㡣
׷ӣϼƴԼİٵİʮҡ
Ҳ˵۳ѾĵӣзĻӴǷȫչ׷
ǰ沿ӵǰУԼڰӺ󷽵ڶм䣬ƺֻͽİ̲ľ롣
仰˵Ҫ˿򣬺󷽵ٶ˽ܿϵԼӲԲ￪
ҪûпǾͲܸһɫưɣ
СӵĶӳǷ׷²ۣ²۷ǳпϣȻ뼧Ƕֳ֪ʶڼӲǰ˿ɲó
ڶӳ븱ӳɧʱɯݡ
ιݡ
ɯС㣬𣿡
ɯ㶼СӵĶӳԹҿǽ׼൱ԷȽϸߣսӵСӳǸְ߰ĶݣҲûڳƺʱϡС㡹֡
ɯյݵĶߣĻѯʣ
㣬֪ӲЩʲô𣿡
ȫûͷ

ֻһ¿ȷǾĵ޷ŵĵӡ

ɯֻܿЦӦ
ͿǷԸĵ뷨ˡ
С϶ɡ
ɯѾ¶ĵı顣
ȻϴӲ˵ôĵ뷨ɯ롣
ãӲ뷨
˵仰ԭɧĶӳСӳҲ
ӵԼҪؿҪӭǲܵ顣
Ӳϳָժֱͷͬ⡣
ôӦöɭ﹥ҲСΪ⣬ҪǱΧˡ
ָժҲ˵λڳʶķ롣
ӦþֻϮ˰ɣ
һλϯʡ
ɭ棬ȵ˽ӽ͵Ϯô
Ӳش𡸲Сҡҡͷ
ԷѾ֪ǵĴˣڹвŵսУӦдߵսҲ֪кüħʿû취䲻⣬ҪϮԷӦҲǲܵģοȫϤɭ״Ҫӽɭֿ϶·
ǷϳжԼϳָժĿǰΪֹӲֻ˵ϳⷴöݸӲ
ιӦòҪǺ潻ɣӲ
˵ⷬ걡
һȫûɣ
ҵȻô˵Ͼߵıȫ潻սһɱΪ
ü˵¶ĵɫⶼɯ㿴ɯԼ˿޷ġ
Ӳ
Ǹƽø֮ҵļӲ
ڸԭֹ³ŵķѣɪŵ˹ļӲ
˵潻Ϸԡ
ôӲЩʲôû취ｻսҲû취ɭｻսܽϮҲ潻սҪôܸһɫƣ
ɯô붼벻͸
ٶȽƻؼӲ
ղҲᵽսֻӼôһʹзõʤҾֻҪάֲĻԭ򣬸һɫƾˡ
ӲĨǵ˵ʽý겻УһϬ²ۡ
˵Ҫô
Ӳ򰬸
ǡҿ˵𣿡˼
ܿ򵽼Ӳͼ仰˵ӲϣƲǾ֮ͬġ
ҲҪȷӱεء
ֽкá
ȻӲչ̬ȣͱʾ뷨൱ԣӦ˵ĵ˾㵡
ƺкϷˡ
ͷߴټӲ
ӲκηԣҶ׷ΡοʦְԼϵģľҽС
ӲĵͬʱҲܹϰ뷨̨£ܸлԷİš
ллָӹ١
ͷļӲ̧ͷ
̧ͷһڳĸɲǡ
Ϊڲս״֮¸һɫƣһҪѡԵص㣬Ҫѡĵص㣬ԼһɫƵķǡ
Ӳ˵Լ뷨
漴Сӳ븱ӳƿԡ
ȫĵıҡҡͷ
ֻаһЦúÿġ


4 Ӳղ


1

֧ԮڻѡʮԱڹᴩԭֵĽֵԲ֧ˣȻǰ˹ģ˹
Ӳող˵û취ɭｻսôô£
ֻʮҲǺֵ飬ʹȫԱҲֿ֪ܹáս࣬ȴֻʮء
ظ˵һΣֲΧԭ֣þ˵Ҫͷ·ͻҲ߲ľܶҲܸߣҴͷϢޡδ֪ĶߣǴϮĴ棬ʹǵҲɭֵȫװһжӦÿԽɭ֣״оٶȻή͵ڹǰһôһ㲻ǡ׷ˡ
Ҫ׽ҼӽɭĵˣôٶȾΣԲ̫ƽϣҪ׷ӽɭֵֽĵˣ׷ζᱻݶӽôҪᡪŵзΪݶ͵ʱ
ֻʮ˽йʹôŬԵ˵ҲֻǱӶһʹ
οԷ֮ǰڵһߡǸʿߵ˵ĹսԹͷԸ֮õķ϶ᾯ䵽һνĳ̶ȡ
ǵʲô

2

ʱܻˡ
˵ĽųԼֹ԰ŵ˵涼Ϳ¡ܵãǰɭΧ顣
ҼӵһƥĳǾǼʹôȫٱҲûƥôۣҲᷢ
зǰѾִɭˣӦûһ֮ڳԼʮܴﵽ١
ӭӵİ˵ˡ
Ȼˣ˵ǰ治˵ڶأ
Ȼ΢һ㣬㣬Լİִ̺ɭΧһѾųݶӽɭˣ²룬ڶӿܻڵһӺŽ
ҪųݶӣȽ൱ɹۡ
ݶӣôÿһлһʮˣǰ˵ľһ·أܳȽﵽһʮ·ءԼİٹߣݶӾͿöø̣ʹ˻ǻһ·ءԼʮϵĳȡ
ôɭеխֵôʹǰˣ
Ҳû취ϲսѵǰʱڣžҪչ
ʱҲֻһٵһʮ·صʱ䡣
Ȼƽرɭĵ·ܻѵö࣬ҲֻҪʱԼʮӡʱ䣬ֻҪһʱ䣬еʿϵսֳɣ
ֻ˶ϵսֳǷ㹻Ŀռ˲սһˣ˵ֻҪ̶̵ļӣͻݱʮ١ʮʮ״ʮѹԲľƣʹʿôһ٣վ޷Ӧľơ
Ҫսռ̫С޷սĵзʿӦûɭƵ󷽣ʱֻᱻоΧл
ͬʱӵзݳӵĲչ⣬ȻֻʮЩͬʱԵзӽй
ʹôϲսʹӵһͬʱӦʮ˵ʵҲʵ̫ˡ
Ȼѵʲô
ȷʵС
ڵз׷ٶȻгֵʱĳ̶ֳȵ塣
ǡ
ˡ
ǲ׼ʮ˶ٶ˵Ʒ̵塣
ֻЯֹõ޵ߣҲģǰ֦֮Ϊ壬ڶڶ̶ֳֻ֦ȡ
ʵϣ׼̶ֳȵ塣
ûΪֶԶ˵ĵоɴ衣
ʮˣʮˣȻ׼ƣΪýĿĵԳɹ

3

ɭֻнֵԵľҽĳ̶ֳȵ
ʯľͤṩĳЩ豸ѾϾɲʹˣ󲿷ֶƿõġ
ɭﲻҲĵطΪһСľͿܳΪǿĳѨΪδԭ֣ҪɭǼΪѵ飬ϢҰޣûǿΪݵأϳפͷ˹ʿŽֵѲߣĿǰûдܺϢ
ֵ˹ԼֱߣкɭľĿǰĽֵûʿ˵ӰΪпܻᱬ³ͻ˹ѾȺͣʹֵԼӲ˶֮࣬õ̬
Ҫ뿪·ɭ֣ʹڰҲƻ裬ľ֮еúܽܣչ֦ҶɡһС
ڰ죬ֻҪڽֵϣͻչͷ䣬Ȼ峿̫ڸߴʱΣʹ·ҲоΪ
Ŀǰ̫Ѿߵĵطˣֵܱάĳ̶ֳȵȣ֦Ҷ·Ӱӣƽԭûڱĳ̫ʶ壬ԵзĿԺܵͣҲСĽ޷֤Էײȵ塣
ˣ
ϵӶСӵš
ղŻļҲæ
ֽý˸Ϸ幥ȵԤȰ֦ϵּڵߡ
ֻҪӽɭ֣зҲ׷˵Ľų̣ʹǴԱܵɭҲڴάƽԭܵٶȡԤǻ˦оŽֵܵʮһ˻ϡ
ܣûܡ
ǼӲսĵһ
֧ӵֲǹᲿӡͻӻڻӣղӣ仰˵ǡˣʹǰԤĿĵصĲӡ
ܵʱƣǲȫо׷
뱣õԸ׷ʵ룬˳˸Ȼô˵ҪǱ˻ǹٶܣսͻͽ޹ˡ
ĿǰڳʮˣҪչֳƴߵģյˣһѶĸߵ
ôڳʮ˭
ڸղžᵽ
ʮһ˵¡
Ӳݡٰŵ˿ŵȵ¡ҮޱϯšһӵһСӳСӵԱټϰ
ûʲôþȵġħʿ֮⣬λСȫ
ΪԷһڻŵħʿ֧Ԯӵħʿͬں󷽴
ղӵĶӳȻǰ
ΪָӹٲӦôϲԸǰ߰ɣȻӲôȻһӵԱûκֹ֪Ҳ޼¡
ˡ
ĿԾԾԡ
ͷĵбʮˣϸѲ˷صĽŲӽѾǡ׷
ٶˣղŸ׷ӱü߽ǳս϶ǿ̹ġ
зӵָӹҲΪҪôٶ׷ʿŽ֮죬Ȼô룬ҪǼܵ𺦣ԼӦûᱻ׷ΣָӹΣԲܵ𺦵ǰ³ӡ
ʹ׷ϣӦҲԻѳƵзмҵֿĶӣָӹôġ
ͷӵ˲ǰ˵ĺҲųݶӣһλݶĩ˵롣
ںǶʮֹʿһ顪һֻˡųɺӡ
⻹жʮǹʿӵĺ󷽡
̽·ǰĲӾʮˣ˶ȫװ
ʿҲ½ں棬֮кü鱻ɵɭ˵׷սҪ˵ĻȽǷսʹõĲ
˵Ϊ˱ⲿǰʱе˴ɭϮ˵ָӹڸղܵشܱϮսѧĽѵ
ȻԷǰôأҪӣѾӵԶԶˡ
걵˲롣
ʹĿҪߣҪûн൱̶ȵĹҲϹ
йڵзʽǰߡ
ΪӦû׷Ϊ˱ӵ̫Զһ·֮ٶȹȻٶߡӲ밬Ʋ⣬ֻҪظӦҲòһ׷
ڽսĹУзֻᷢмˣҲνӦ˵ܷ֣ôһ˾ͻҧš
֮ʤؼǷܹӵ˳սʺɵһսΡ
ô˼罫ͶܵλСˡ
ԲŻǹѡЩԱӦǻԭ
̧ͷϷ֮䡣
ˣЩһóַս
ȻоǸʿӦеķ񣬵ΪʿԱ벿Ҳ
ɸֲͬĳԱʹ֯øǿ
ʱ
зĴͷԱѾߵصľ·ˡ
æл˼
Ҫ˳ͺˡ
걲ɵػŮϣεļƻܹɹ
ϵļ˴ʾ⣬̶صжϡ
֦ɵԲ򡪡է֮󺣵ʿǵͷϡ
ȥĿԲһֱӴʿͷΪͷԺˣԵģûװױƣͱ֦ˡ
壡
еˣ
棡Ӧս
ں󷽴ĹС
Ƶɺ󷽣ץסԤ׼õվʹһš
ڸľߵ֦ϣԵǧҪһһϡ
ͬʱڸİ˿ʼһˡ
ֻ˵¶ѣʿ϶㵽ɺ档
ɢɢ
ǰҲУ
Ӧս
ļɽɭ֡
˫ʱԹ䡣
ڱ˴˶ɺûʲôʿԡ
ܿģ󷽳ŴͶƵװȳĽŲǰ
ȻƽԭսĴһȻԳ߷䩺װ޷ĵط޵С


ͼ


ҪĶ֣ͱ߽ħʿħйҪʩħЧʹħʿҲӦȻصûлװսܹõķΧǳޣûгΪսǡ
ͬ׵ĻӮ˽ǣϾǺܱأû뵽ԷȻ׼ı֡
걶Եзȫ׼еȣҲʾз൱䣬Բˡ
ǲӦ׼ˣ
ķȥ¶Ȥı
ӳǶ޷ɡ
걲¶Ц

ͬ˷š
˷
ۣ
ȻǼٵġ
öԷΪкü˵Ĳԡ
Ųסˣ
ĳˡӦŵ˿󺰡
ˡ쳷ˣ
ļ԰
ظλܵ걣û뵽ӳϷ޹ʹ顣
ʿܵ٣зǰкü˴󺰡
٣
׷׷׷ϾͿץˣ
ˣһҪǣ
ʱһ׷ܵϷ롣

4

ղΪǰᣬϴĲǳصףֻд޵ĻףֻװһصƤֵĻ֡
ܹжĿ֮⣬ղôһĿģǾܵʱӯİɫȹӦÿԸоҪĴ̼룩ֻаʿܴﵽĿꡣ
ΪܱҪȫ񱼣ôһȹڻͬʱĿԱ¶ȡ
ôһԷͻ׷ˡ
ǼӲš
úڣ
йڵģ
Ȼ밮²ۣҲͬ㣬ȻȽϷߣҲȽϷյˣôûвִеĵ
ãҰȹڼ̣
һ˾Ͱȹ̵ϥϵĳȡ
ıҪʹİԼȹӼñϥǻֱ࣬ȹ״̬
ȻͷĶݵȻ˺
ô⸱ģܲĻ͸˵̫ɣ
ȹڼ̵ŵ˿ᵣĲѵĳ̶ȡ
ôһоŻа˰׷űСˣ
ȹڼó̵Ķͦ˵ţϾ²ۣ
˲ûôࡣ
ֻмȹ¶ഩһ̿㣬ΪΪֻȹʵڲ̫ãο봩֮ߣȹ̶˴϶̿ˣİȹϡ
ղӣڷһƺߣ΢ʱ°ڿƣҪǵ˽ӽֿ
ͷĵҲӦս˫໥
ȵ󷽵Ԯӵִ˾ͷֿٶߡ
з׷Ӽ׷ϡ
ֻҪһξ룬˾ͽз
׷ߡ
üΣͷ
зѾȷϰʿߵ٣ûм׷ٶȣϾĿǰıʹĳ̶ֳȵķҲԳӦǰ߾ǺϣʱԷ·ˡзôȷŵġ
ôһ׷ǵˣͿĹ͡
ҪǿԷ²ǣսͿԵõ²ʹ͡
ʿŵŮ˵ΪԼū뵽һ㣬з׷˫ž͸ˡ
ʿԱʱıӰҪǶ̶̵ȹ¶ȡɿðַǷ֮롣
üԱебȫ׷ǡ

5

Ҫִͷʱֱߣһ˵ǺڡСͺ֮һڵĺмԿ·صˮ
ˮϷһţ߹ţͿµִϵͷ
߹·λС˵֪Ĺ⾰
ˮĸ߶ȴԼ·ء
ŵĳȴԼ·ء
ŵĿȴԼ·ء
ĳ˵ǺܿǿͻĴɶɹţֵԺĶжԺҪΪ˷԰ŴܹϽĿȡ
ǰļѡһű߸߸Ծ
һ·ءԼ˹ߡţڶ԰ӯŵءʹûдףԾȻˡ
ŵǰӶֱۺУ
ܵϣҪں߽бˮһս
ˮһս
仰˵ʿǱ߲ϧͬھľ
޴ӣҲûߵ˼ǵжʹзʿ϶
ֻҪ׷ȥץǵİʿֻҪץǿ϶Ǵһ
ֻǽ
ϼܽץʿɽƷ͸Լ
õʿ֮󣬿ԼʹҲūгʿŵŮӦÿǳõļǮ
׷ʿ˫ʹͷ׵δ
ӳӦÿȥԱɣ
건ĵ
֮ԱλĶľš
Ҳ϶ľš
˶߹ϸĶľţ˲ƽС
ȵ˹ţڶ԰̧ͬľţöľ
ľͷźüĴʯͷȥԲľֱӳס
ҪǿһĻܹ侲˼ӦûḡֳΪʲôǶԭţ
ʣǶ׷ӵʿ˵ΪζǡǰӴܣǸûȥ˼顣
ûбκεʣ˿ûлɣȿֺҪš


ͼ



ϡ
ֱӲˤ

6

ΪʲôʿһȾͿ壿ѾϾɵ̶ֳȣѾ̶ֳ
û£ֱΪֹȻʹţǽϣפͷ˹ʿҲм飬˾ͿܻΣ״̬ʿȻᷢ֡
ôΪʲô
Ϊ֧Ԯڻӵˣ滻ˡ
ȡľŵĺ塣
ΪɫľͷĲ
ֱߵĲˣͰѼȹմĲ̶ƽ
ľűɲˣ
ǼӲĲԡ

7

żץ˶ܵĵзʿ
ζ벻Ѿȫﱼܵĵзʿ
ǰֻһš
û·ƹȥ
ԭʹҲΪ
׷Щȫܵʿǣܻᷢǰǲġ
ǰʿƲ棬ת֮
ںʿҲûа취ͣ½Ų
Ӧгͣ¡
ǱܹʿƼײͣҲͣǸ
ܹʿǿǰʿʧ׶ȷŲˡ
Ѿˡ
Ѿͣסˡ
ʿǴӺﲻ
ԼղŰǰʿǰơ
ԼҲʿǰơ
޿κε
Ӷܹ
Ӷȥ
ʱǰһš
һ˲䣬ԼͱƵС
кͣ
ӦѾʮˮˡ
ˮʿʲô³
붼롣
˶ųصס
ӵи߳ӾֱֻӳףʹӾҲֻܾȫ֫ˮʱˮ档
ΪںխҲεߣ֮˶ȥˡ
Ǵֱұڣûκ֧㣬ò׵ִﰶߣҲ˾ƣǿһˣҲ˴ӺץסһסЩƴӶֽŸˮϵʱ򣬱ֱУȻһȥ
֮ǰѾ󲿷ֵĺǴֱ͵ĵΣҲһˮλԼж·ôҪǳȥ޷ԼٶȸϣҵȻ˹ȡ
ʿһֱˮֱڱʿǵһ⵺Ϊֹ
ʿֹͣǰˡ
·ˮѳɵ⵺죬ŵֱ¡
Ѿ׷ʱˡ
֮ҪˮʿΪȡ
зûм׷׷Ҳû
׷ʮϣ˶ġ
ʹǺò׾ȳʿ󲿷ҲˮڿҪ״̬ỹҪսˡ
³ɶոĻʧս¡
ʧƥʮƥʮˣĲʮˣ޷սĲԼʮˣˮԱڣ
仰˵ӵսĳɣʸߵ޷š
ǻӵʿܵĸʿжλСӡʵԵֻڻ֧Ԯӵʮˡ׷֮õĽ
˲ӵĲ״ʹõֳִĲָӹãȻʧ롣
ִͷİˣͬԤ׼ʹݲȴӺ뿪ˡ

8

ȴ֧ԮڻӵģǾ߱װ봬գĴһҴװŷڡʹķ롣
ȻԵȵִһס
ӲӵĲǰͷӭӵʱ򣬰͡
ţ֮
¶ůЦݵֻôشͲ
̬ȣƲӦòȡ൱ǿѵͲҪ׷ʡ
֮ߣϰæ˵ϡ
ڻ֧Ԯӵµסһ𱻷ŽڴߵĴ
֧ԮʹõƥҲӴ·ھ봬ա
ӶӳڴϹݡ
ӣǸһ
ԭΪѾӵִ԰ˣ԰¶ı顣
ǵģϴ
ڻ֧ԮӵˣԹڴߵľװϡղӵĶԱĿǰĴţҪ̧ͷϿĻ͸˵̫ΪܳԱûбˣղӵĶԱǴ
ȵҶϼװλڼװϵԱӭǡ
ˣӳиλҲǡ
öͷ׵͡ûд֡ӽӣ԰ʽľ񡣴Ҳ԰ʽľӦ
ü밬Ĳڼװߡ
ȷ˶ϴӾͱˡ
Եһ¡
򰬸˵֮ת
ƥϴ˰ɣãȥֳ֪ͨ
ӵĴ´ա
ӼԲָʾ
Ӳ֪ӵĹһغĳСͺϤֻˮԣ֪£ŻὫӵָȨ
ôĴҾûмԦľˡ
Ȼô˵𴬳Ȼģ
ڻ֧Ԯӵ˲վڴ࣬°Ȼ۵ĺԼԶĺ档
Ȼձ鲼һ㱡ƣȴûдﵽ赲ĳ̶ȡ
ӲҲӷƽˮ档
ȻﲻǺ棬ǰչȴ󺣣ש׳ķ羰
Ӳ½ģֻСʱ򿴹κˮϷļ¶ѡ
ڱ˹Ա϶Ƶľ
ΨһԴ˲̫Ȥǰţ˵ԼİŶԣӦ˾ռߵľɫȡ±ϵóݱŦڶݱŦһӽġ
ڣֻζһ¡
Ŵֻ뿪ͷ
ں滬һˡ
΢磬˸оʮʡ
յʱӻˡ
ˣӳиλҲǡ
Ӳ⡣
˵εĳǴݣΪôܴҴԭѾþ򣬲ϧҪͷǰһ
ղŵڻսҴͦĵġ
͵͵¶Цݡ
Եģüͷ
ʲô£ղǺŻҽźþáĽͷĲǶǵоôࡣ
˵ͣһ£¿򰬸λСӵĶԱ
ǵģ⵽ô£
˵
̵ȹڡ
รҪҪҲǼصѵҪһСĴӴˤȥร
Ҹղ˵ΪڽϴʱܻһҲŻȫװǹġ
ѾûҪһˡ
Ҳǣȷʵˡ˵Ҿ㷢ʲô顣
¶ı鿴򰬸ֻǴӺͷЦ
ӲⶨһȤսŻ໨һЩʱ䡣
Ա͵Ӳæͷֱӵϸٸ㡣
վڼװϵİܡ
Ҵǲ
û˺ܴæֻҴǻеȵһͬģĴЩĸܹ˵ԱԤж˺ܶࡣ
ǰһӵмװ塢뷫ɴֻں޷ʱ򣬿ô·Ĵڻǰ
Ŀǰ޷״̬ԴģĶڴʮѵĴԵһڶлǱȽΪģܹѡʮڶλ
ֻ΢ٶȣԶ
·λãֵߺ
֮λҪҪϢһ£ҶܹģӦú˰ɣ
ӽˡ
ҲԣϢһ°ɡ
ɯҪڻ֧ԮӵĳԱȥϢ˵
ôϢ֮ټСӳϣҪ֮ķ룬λСӳҪ
仰˵ҪѼӲһ

뿪ֳǰȥϢ
ҲڴĲ´ָʾ
ϺǬָҡ
ǡ
ڻ֧ԮӵĳԱǸڼװҵط£÷ֵˮʳ϶ְĸУɾ͸ԼܸС
򰬸ʾʱ뿪žһ˵οʵĻһϢеĲ֮߶
Ӳܸл˹ģҲоҲǲӳְ빤
Ȼӵг͵ĽǰӣֻԽ쵼
ڻ֧Ԯӵ֮һȦ¶ıѯʰ
ûп˼
΢΢̾˿
á
Ҳ˵
Ǹսˡ
ڿӰʱӦþѾԤϵôشˣȻʧȥֱ£ӵ̬Ȼƽ
أ
ɭˣ֪ǵôĴӦðŶԡ
ô˵лл㡣
⣬ȴ΢΢ԱӺһ
ΪʲôҪлûаĲȫ
ΪΪʱڽڻսʱ򣬼ʹֳҲǱƲѵģ㻹ǽ˵ɭˡ
Ȼ飬òŵл
ֻɣ
˼ȻмˣսֻһˡεսȻֻһˣѾ漣ˣԵĻһϣ漣Բ
漣漣
仰˵ԭϣ˶ƽ
ֻһˣҾҲԳΪ漣ˣһЩ԰ɣвᵽӲⶨĳս
һЦ
ûһЩ顣һս
ҸղҲʹǵ硭Ǹսʲôϵ
˵ӽĿͶ򰬸̵ȹڣ̶̵ȹںĴӯ
˵ǵʲô
Ǿǡ
յԱߣ˵Ӳ˼սȫòҲսرӡ
ǡ߰ս


ͼ


ֻ˵ƿˡ
ӲǸŵļһม
ҾҲǸŵļһ
Ӻòװ²˻ȥ
ΪӲǸżһԼҲ޳ɣȱʾͬ
ڳսиڻ˵ھһΣȻӲȻĵĲԣԶԵͬʱ
ǰˣʹϤŽսʷӣҲûƵĲԡ
ôһսǼӲڳսʱġ
ĴǣӦ˵ֵ˵أܽϣСͼӲҲȻġ
УʱҪߵʱ򣬼ӲĹͬǰѾǷᱻΧΪһҲ˲
ȻʹüɹΣšԣҪɹΣšȿˤȥģʵǵз׷ӡ
̵ĽӲɵòЦ
˵
ѯʡ
Ҵмˣأ
š
ӽͷתش𰬸ʡ
жʮˣӭǵжʮˣټԼҵ֣ܹʮˣΪӭǵʱܻһҴ˱Ƚ϶ˣоΪģӵһӺ͵ѡġ
Ȼʮˡ
Ѹٽм㡣
Դġʮεģǿ϶ˡ
ûûУûҪεģΪеȵҴͬȹģһҴ֮⻹мСԴҶǴɹģӦѾִǱߵͷϰˡ
˵ġǱߡǶ԰Ķ³ҲǼӲ֮ǰãȪʩУ뱴˹ѺõĶУֻҪִͿ˵ȷȫˡ
ȲǱߣô̬ȺܺҴҲߵĴɣ
һ棬˵ġߡָλڸĶ˹˹Ȼά˹Լ·ǶϯҮ˹ȵľ롣
Ȼʱ΢ִΪ߲ȡǿӲ̬ȣԷҲӶĿǰıݿ϶Ҳװ֪£ʱҪǶԷϺҾʹˣûôıҪûݱɱ뽻̬ġ
΢ִ
ϸһľ߷ɫʵ΢Ц
˵ġ΢Ǻ̶ֳȣҾͿⲻ׷ˡ
ӲıӦ
ǵģ벻Ҫ׷ʡ
ĻԶԷȽϣʱܳͻม
ף
΢΢Ŵ۾
ʲô˼Էô̫ðɣ
ΪԷรӡ
Զӡ
ˡԭˣԭô¡
ԶԷֻߡǱȽǡ˵˹ǱҲȽ׽ܡ˼𣿡
˼
״˵ʵһġ˼Щȡ
ʹӣԭҲΪǸΪֱײ佫һǸǳִŵˡ
Ϊ㰬ڵ׶Ƚģսʱõʤֻ֮ҪһлᣬǿҪٶȺ
εĳսǸղŵƶϣ˼ǵĳ̶ȶ⣬ҰƺǸ÷ʱͻˣԸڻӣ;սëȻڣսʱͻῴûпһ档
ӳĸпʱ
ţ
ܡ
ôˣ
һֲ˵ĸо
üԼĲӡ
ΣΣգŮľֱֻ쳣񣬲ܽϣСҲһ
亹ʱڻ֧ԮӵСӳжӲǵˡ

9

С㣬˶ˡ
걻ر
Ǹôۻҹ
Ÿ˵꣬˾վñֱһĵĻӦ
ǲۡ
ӽһֹ
С㣬Ը
õ㶫ڵϣҶˣ֮¡
æͬһ𵽴òt
ڼ䣬Ҳȡͷ벿ףһԱ¡
ΧһȦڲt¡
ȹڼ̵İʺȣƺ⣬ȹڼñȰҪ̣Ŀǰڳȹ״̬ĶҪ£ƺɸֺ鷳̬
ôˣɣݡ
ʹߴ١
ûиλôۣһֱվҲûϵġ
ֻһվŻۣ֮ܰ¡
ݵɵĶݲֻ£ȻֻȶǲƣȻȫ״̬
ССӳˡ
ô˵ݾǿػش
⡢ǵȻģȫҲһ㶼˵ļӦ΢Сѧϰһ¡
ݵⷬ󻰣ӵ൱̶ȵ˵û
ûǻรҪȫĻҲһˣ˵ģ
ⷬ󻰾ֻпС
˰ı飬뼧ߵͷĬ
ҪȫʱҲһŲˡ
תͷ򰬸־ٵԼǰٻӶ
²ġ
ѽСνร
˵ʱ
Ǿɡ
ף
Ѱɣݡ

ԣھȽһȫʱһȫѹ⣬ҲҪȫѹ⣬ɴͶƱ˭Ƚˡ
վİܿץסԼ·ˡ
вввУ
һ˲䣬ϥǲ£Զͷסװ塣
ˣʵڱȲϰСֱ䡣
ˣС㡣
Үȥˮ
ΧһЦ
ܽϣ޿κεı˵
ӳҪ׽Ūˣý˰ɣ
û׽ŪҺҪһ
¶Ϊı
ģǾ͸Ӧðɣ
²ۣûа뷨˵ֻǼߴٰ
ˣ⡣
֪֪ˡ
İ˵
ôȾӱ״
ͷ˵
״˵ҴʮˣгĴҲʮңǷֱС仰˵˶дȻѾӾľ򣬲ֻǰײˡʱӦѾڶ԰ƽ½ˡ
СӳǷม
˵ʱͣ٣ǰСӳǼ˵
ϵڻ֧ԮӹʮˣֻһλѾͳɹˣӦÿˡ
Сӳǹ⡣
϶¶Ժı顣
ôѾǱߡ
ƺѾĴڡ
ô˵ԭһжĸͿ˾ǰӣôˣ
зĻ׷ǣӦ˰ɣ
Ѿ̶ֳˣҪȻȫûǾû취Ǵ򽻵ޡ
ŸҸĿǰ״
ӵ˹׼Ӧûɣ
˵̸顣
ŵ˿ŵȵ¶飬ӵԼĸ磬ԭӦñȱ˸ĲӵĶ򣬲˿Ϊʵ˲𣬴ǷǳԵʡ
˵
Ȼڲӳʱ˽һ˵ǲܵ飬ڰʿţȴпܻᷢ顣
ŷŵʹڴų´ʱ򣬶ɡ
Ҳ̫£ȻŵʱʮֶԴ⣬Ѿ϶ʿž֯ˡ
Ҫش˵ʣӿʼѾ״
ĿǰûոͿ˾ǰӣ³ɶԮӵ״Ҳһ
еɧһ˲󣬲͵һƽϢˡ
ȵǵִ³ӦþͿԵ֪״ҪǸͿ˾ǰ沿Ӷûȫû϶ɴǰС
µض仰
ƽʹáȫûֲĻʹŲݱ̬ʵϣҲ׷ⷬ
ղҲᵽӵ˹˹߶˹׼ԲܻȫûӦûȫ˵״̬³̬ƣҲҪԮӻϡûɣӳ
΢΢ͷ̻Ӧ
û⡣
Ҫ³ȴ
ӲɵĶ԰
ɹȴӲ˵ģǺϢǻϢ


5 Ĺս


1

ᵽģԮҪǰ³ɶṩЭ˹˹߶˹׼ŵ˿˹߶˹Լŵȵ¡ŵҮ߶˹õĸ硣
Ԯɱ˹֧ɣԼǧϸͿ˾Ѻù֯սӵΪǧˡ
Щ⣬Ϳ˾һ֧˵Ĵӣ밬ǹͬжǰӡ
һ£ձ˹󹫹ıƣӡǰ˰ٵһǧˣжӡˣһĵжӡ
⣬Ϊʿŵжӹģͬ˫ͬжĳϣԳΪ˹жӡ롸жӡ֣Ҳˡ
ܱ˹󹫹ıƣɵĶӳΪӡ
Ҫ˹ĽټԱܶӣ׼Ҳӵָӵʸ˹ҲԭγΪ³ɾԮӡָӹ١
ӵġǧ˵ʱ򣬾ͻΪʦš
ڱ˹ӵϽϵĽ׼ܶʦţָʦŵʦųʱرϡ˾١ĳƺš
һ˾ٲͬʱʦϵıǼȶΪ˱ȼضĳϡ
ȶҲһ⣬ǾڸʦͬʱսжʱжʦžͱҪжϽࣩ磬ټһϵıдģս״ᷢ˲رʲôΡ
Դ˹˵ƽܶԱıӽһˣǱ˹󹫹ͨս
˹ֻĳ̶ȣһйܹԱıֻдӼ˵ǧҡ
ҪǴڽ״ԱܹԱıͻø࣬Ȼٷ顣
˼ѰľӣҲֻһʦżһӵıֳϣʱرԡš򡸷ƺսжʱͨ
˳һᣬ֮ǰ̬硸ҡʱı˹԰䣬ԿƵķʽʦŵı߸ˣҽ֧رʦŽͼ˹ῨŬ˹߶˹󽫾Ҳŵ˿ŵȵµĸס
ʱڵı˹԰Ǵü޵״̬Ϊ˳ⳡΣпһ·ͼ˹󽫾ʹѾ飬ڱ˹󹫹ȻΪӢۡ
̫ˣصɡ

2

Ϊ׷ȷǰ沿ӡͿ˾ʿŵĵһжӡڶжӣԼλСӡҹо³ɶԮӣΪ;Ũֹֻͣо
ûߵ״ҪȷԼλþֻĿӣӽ״̬ҹоѾһ£ŨֵĻҹоǲܵ顣
֮һʧֱɢ֮ǰϾϵȵʱ˴˶λ֮λã̬Ǻпܷġ
ֻǼҪǵоڸҲǺŻֶᷢԷĴڡ
ɢ֮˾ǰƲֻսһŵΣԺܸߣսУ˫ʽԳǽ״򲻻ҹоʹҪҹо񻯵״һ˵ֹͣо
ԾԮӻֹͣоҲǵȻģҹĻʹŨĶͿ˾ǰӼоΪӦñΪҲ˵Ǽڽ
Ǳַ۵İʿŵһڶжԼλСӣΪѾķΪۡ

3

ô
˹˹߶˹׼ԳȵԴĲǳơ
΢˳ͷͷºĿ˫ۡȵоֹ
˹Ҳָݣ븸ͼ˹ῨŬ˹Ŷյ͡
Ҫ˵ĻһĽȫӵнʵǿļ⡣
񣬰侲ŵָӷ緶ȷжҵľȵȣ˹ȷʵӵЩΪλ󽫾Ĳܣҷӵ쾡¡ûͣͲδʮͣڱ˹׼Ľ׼
ʹһӼѪͳ磬Ҳûȶܵ˵Ҫְ
ӵмѪͳˣûеվڸΪܵϣӦÿԶԣǿʵˡ
ӵٺõļѪͳҲû취һ޳ɾ֯ﵣΣѪͳֽ֮ڸλҪڱ˵Ŭܣһַ֮ʩ˹Ҳȫ޽
ʵϣڽҸӵǳսչֵĸָ߳󣬾Ư֤Ĳܡ
еǳƵĲֹͣͬŽ̸ߵ˹ǰ
ȣаա˹һ٬ŮԣȻ˹Ҳܸߣ˹Ҳѷɫ
ڽож˹밮ȶװͷȫװ
˶Ǳ˹ĸ߼٣ǰİס
ȴͷ϶Լ¶Ķ̷Ľɫ
Ȳĸӣֱ˹仰˵˹ֱĻš
մͳ˹ϲָӹ벿ӣʿ֮ڼᶨԣӻʦÿνսжʱŽбƣָӹҲǵʱָɵġ
״ָӹٻżԼĻţǰɵӻʦŽָӡ
ĻԼʮĲ£ҪĹֱ벿ָӹ֮ȡʵķ䣬ԼӼ֮ʵ
Ŀǰȵ˹׼ĸ٣˹Ͱȡ
ֱͦ߹İȣͣ½Ų򳤹پþӵ̬Ƚб档
ҾƺǰʧȥϵҾֹͣǰӼ˫ͣԭأĿǰŨҷ޷ȷλãȻö֪
̫
˹¶˼ı顣
Ҫ𣿡
ôɡ
ϰš
İȴת˹ס
ԸҪж
ϸ۾
Ҫָʾ𣿡
ҲԣʹֲӵӰҲҪ³çӽȥϾĿǰ̫Ũˡ
仰˵˼ǡ˿ܾڸ
ڸٵָժ˹˵ͷܹȷʵջﱳصĺ⣬֤һˡ
ڸڸôŨԼʹֵʲôǲҪ϶ԷѾȡжȽϺá
֪ˡ
С
ʻʲôԸ𣿡
Ъŵ¹һ𣿡
õģʲô𣿡
ţֻ룬Ũɵġ
ȵüͷ΢΢һ
Ļɱɡ
˹æҡҡ֡
ǿЦģΪǿЦģԿԲҪ潲ֻ𣬰򣿺οʹҲʱ򷢻Լɣ
˵ˣ֮ǸϳŮˡҪɱ֮ɢˣȷʼٸߡ
ʱȷʼٸ߲ǲ鷳ˣ
״˵һϳֻ鷳ŮˣΪ츣
вУҪ£һᱻܽϣŸ׵ġ
Ҳǡ֪ʲôԭܽϣСƺǸŮˣӵд˵ȲŻΰŮԣΪʲôûõŮˣʵһѽ֮ա
ʱܶⷬʾͬ˼˹ⷬ˵
ΪȷŵһߣϿȥ
ǳǸȥ졣
ٶ򳤹پǽħܵĶתصͬڵλá

˹תͷǰͶҪߡ
ϣǰӲҪ̫ܵǰ档
˹սʱΪȰ쳣ļǰӲӳҲǸͿ˾ĵīɪ˹˺ôһ
Ȼ뽨飬ǸÿƵʱ͸ÿƣóŵʱ͸óţһ㣬޷õΪʤĹʵԿ쵫ǲԽͲƥ֮£̵ʱäĿǰ塣
Ǹͼ˹Ľ̻壬˹СʱĻ
Ѿǰ沿ӵĽ켴ʹôͣҲֻǳƥ֮¡
˹ĵĵط
ǵīɪ˹ԼҪ˹úñ֣ǸͿ˾Ҫ˹úñֵ뷨Ӧڵīɪ˹ϣȻĿǰ޷б𡭡˹ΪӦ߽С
ֻʹǱ˹׼˹ȻΪҪֹƥ֮£ϻЩ㡣˵㣬˵ǷŶԡ
Ǳ˹ĲӾͺܼ򵥣ǶԷѺùĲӣָӵѺùĽ˹ԷʩֻǴԷͬоս
֮¹ϵʵǿǿԷսҪַʽ¹ϵֱع⣬пܻĹϵõӰ졣
ʵԼ̫ó˼⽻顣
˹ĿЦ
Ȼ˹ھңҲ֪⽻ֶ;ܲɷֵĹϵĸҲǽΰ׵޹նõġ
ֻ׾Բ̤ε磬Ϊͼ˹ѾԽԼȡùڸ֧ˡ
˹ϣԱʱΪǿȰǰ潫¸˵ķУҲϣⱴ˹Ϳ˾Ĳá
˹˹Լù·ǶϯҮӦûΪиΪҵĶֻѰԽԽãҲҪСıѾõѰ롣
ս鵱У˹ֻί̼䣬µīɪ˹ķС
˵ԭΪӦû̶ֳȵĳʶŶԡ
ϵ˶ӵлʶ˹оԼƺѧ
ǣӸô죿
˹ǰӹͬжѰʿŵĲӣԼ֧ӵǡŵ˿ŵȵ¡
ʵҲʱ޷ǿȰ֮һ
Ҫ̫Եīɪ˹пܻ֡˹ϣΣաĴš
û˼
ԼָεԮ
ĲҲμⳡս
ȫɺϣȻ˻ɫ۹⿴ÿһ£Ҫע⵽һ㡣
鷳黹ࡣ
˹̾˿ȻӪصΧȥ
Ӧû취ƶˣԸղž;ҪӪڴӪڵطΧء
Ȼô˵ΪӪʱ飬޷ģءֻǼ򵥵ķդ׮þҹõ
դҪʹõľ˵ģڴģӽƶʱ򣬲ֻʳҲ˹صĲ빤ߣսʿ֮ͬҪ빤
֧ԮҲкϼԼһǧ빤УҪǰЩȫԮӵʹﵽǧˣԼǺԮӣȻֱܻܸߵĸо׼ľӽ޷ս
λں󷽣빤һͲƶ
оʱбҪĻͱںţӪʱ빹ءڽйսʱпҪǰڶˮԴֻں󷽴ѡ
ôŨзӦҲߵλãʵýⵣĵзϮʹˣзпܳŨӽҪעһ㡣
˹פڴӪӳ۵Ϊֹľϸڡ

4

ڻˡ
ҴһŮԡ
˹ڲ̧ͷ
رͷŮǡ
ˣŷŵ¡
á˹ˡ
ŷŵ¶Цݣζߵ˹ǰ
˹ˣڡֵĺûᡣ
˹¶ЦԲ˵
ѾˣȻͲҪᡣ
ŷŵԴ˹
Ҫɱ˭ء
梣㡣
ں˵仰
仰˵λŷŵãô¡˵ȻͷĳȲͬ˿ȷʵ
ֻϵԼ˵ӡȫͬЦŷŵ˹žӵ̬оֹ˵ãȽ˵ͷǡ
ֵøȫͬ״ʱţ˲ûرڲͬȻ˵Ҫɱ㡹ҲǺܾˡһǿЦ仰˵һǵġ
˹ļϵΪ˹Ч˼ʿţڲͬĸλϻԾڱ˹
߶˹Ҿڱ˹ľӷۣǼʿš˹ԣʿҲǲܵ顣
ū˹ҲһĺĳԱԱ˹سִչ֣ѡʿšȻô˵뷨ڰʿۻ飬ȵƽٻص˹ְԲȫԷչ
ͬ˹ϵ梼ʿţڱ˹ְ
ԣ梿϶Ϊʿţõ޻УοʿڵӵмѵҪǼϵ˼ʿţϵķͻʿž˵Ȩʵ
ʲô飿˹ϵʲô飿˹֪Ҳ̫֪
òνԵĻ˹ֻϣϣǲҪΧš
 
ŷŵԴ˼

һ֡
ǵģΪŨҷŵ𡫡
Ȼûô룬˵Ļôɱķô¡
ôûʶء
ŷŵЦ
¶ܲ˵ı飬ŭһ˵
ǳûʶұ˹Ǵ½ûʶĳ̶ӦҲǰŶԣ
ۡҺ˵ú
ôϿջɣ
˵ԼųȥͿջԼųȥû취ջޡ
ԭˣΪȻʿŷŵƺӵû
ûʶ㻹һöûС
һ¡˵̫˰áҺôҲม
ˣҲŻҪɱ㡣
ù֡
˺ˣ͵ΪֹɡҶڿˡ
˹˴Բ
Ȼܲŷ֣ͬ¶Ϸıע
𣿡
ڵ˵ɨһȦ˸Ͻͷ
ˣ챨ɣ򡣡
˹¶Цߴٲ¡
ǳǸ
İȿʼ档
ղѾɳʮСӽ飬ϾôŨҪǺĿ굽ܻܿزҪж˲ұ֤Ƿܷʲô鱨
ˡ
ػ˹תŷŵ
ôŷŵ¡
ǣʲôԸ𡫡
رһ״Ŀǰǰʧȥˡ
ѽǲ͡
ǵģΪû취ǰӵİʿ֧ȡϵһ֪ͨһ
ܵİɡ
Ҳ˵˹˺ܰλǰӵλáŵ˿ŵȵ°ɣ
ŷŵҪ˼
аӳӶӳڣûġ
ҲԣֻҪа£ӦþͲ⣬ǰ£ӦҲΥīɪ˹ҵĵⷽ⡣
ϾǸ˵Դ̫á
ǸӦò뱻ô˵
ãΪʲôôء
Ҳǽܳ壬ֻǾ˻ǸϿһˡ
ù֡
ŷŵ󵹣ȵָԭƣ̽ͷõ
ҪһֱԼһӲม㲻ûžߴ۶ϡ˰żҪһ²С
̫ɢˣҪûżһ£ԼɢͷղһһǴھͼѾһǴˡ
ء˹ˡ۸
ҡҡλ˫ŷŵһ߼ٿһ߿˹ԡ
ǿЦġ
ġ
ء
֮
ûม
ܵļһ˹Զһ㣡

˹оͷʼʹˡ
Ȱĵīɪ˹
Լãλǰ
ҼһԲ֪Ϊνܲá
һǸʿŵĸɲһԼĸ١
ÿμ涼쳳ܣȻ˲ϣǷֱڱ˹֮ãǷǳȷ
ʹˡ
˹ٶ̾˿
εΪʲôô֣
˹ҪҸȴҲĶ󡣱ƲѵֻԼùˡ

5

ŨʹҹҲûɢȥ
˹ɱ飬ҼǿӪظڵľ䣬ȴ
ǾɳٶҲ޷ǰ̫Զĵط̽ϾǺ·ƽԭҪ뿪̫ԶҲˡ
ȼħʿʹħ˾ڸĻᱻԷߵĴڡ
Ǳһֵ״ôһʵ޷ȫս״̬
ȻϮΣԺܵͣû֪״˹άű׼ս״ֱ̬ս״̬¯ʿֻܳԾǬ伢
ֻ֮һ϶ѣôŵ㡣
ȻܵӣǷ¶Ҫأͬ˹ĸͼ˹ῨŬ˹߶˹Ľ̻塣
˹ǾԼ𾴵ĸ׽̻壬ʱΪ£ж֮ɺܴ档
ڼʱ
ĳǵĵͳԶ뱻žֵĴӪ
Ӫ׷ӿֳʿжϢ
ֻзõ۵Ұսļ˾ڵĻ۽ս˹ǵһ
ȫ׼Ӧս
ǣ
Ļǳȥ
ڲԶͬİȣͷܵ˹ǰ
˹ˣղŵѵս
Ȼ޷˹ܡ
Ҳ˵
Ŀ򳤹ٵĲ
ıɵǰ
ǰ沿оͻôһ𣿡
˹ɫǰش
ܡ
ˣ˹һѵľϡ
ȻҪӵзӵĹģȻҪǶǰӼȣĽ˵ǰӿܻᱻȫҪʱҲܵشΣա
ô
Ҫǰ
ʱ
ԭԶĵͳȻü
˵Ľк
ٶȿ˹
ȫ˵ȼѣķƶͷĲӾɡˣԼȥɳ׼Ĳϣ
˹Ѹٷʩ
ȼΪŨȷϼλáȻᱻз֣˹жϣȻѾѾ⵽õ˲Ĵڣܹɢзıע
æͷİȼ󺰣
󡢳󡫡˹Գ󡫡
ĻҲָʾ
ټ˾ӵʿ
׼˹ˣ
׼ѣ
ţĶžУ
Ѿǻŵգǳɱ
˹жӵĶӳɱƵܹ
׼ˡ
˹˵ͷܵĲ´
߾ٻѣ
ΧͬʱȼѸ߸߾
ڿеİȾ졣
ãķǰڰ˷֮ʱķ򣬺ǰĻѵ·ϡ
ν˷֮ʱķָǽԲΰ˵ȷ֮ϣҲ˳һ˷֮ʱǱ˷֮һʱǶ˷֮ʱ˷֮ʱǶϣԴơ
ʱź˹϶вӲͻ֤ݡôһһ߿϶Ѿǰ̫ӡ
ҪǼȥѾͻᱻԷǷ״
˹ľϼѸֹҡ
ȫ׼˾ӿʼ
ԭһ൱ΣյսսѾȼڣз϶ǰ˹жǷľơ
ֻˡ
㲻״ʿǿ֮󣬾Ͳпպ˼ˣһзǵҪ˾ӵѹúӽϵҲһǿս
˹ϵж󵨵սָƵĻǣ˵͸Կʼ
ĻǵȻֻĬĬţһߴΧ֪˾ѾϢһԽܵٶǰ
Ǹ߾ٻǰ˶ܿλãµ񷢳Ѿɴ󰭣ֲ״£ôҶõǷǳҪһ£ʹ˹ᣬҲ֪ʶǳЩ
ԵģʿǵĻᱻָӹںͷǳţϽץ׷˾ǰܡ
Ũн³ɶԮӣӦսĵصչưשĽ

6

ɫ𽥷ס
Ȼûɢۿɼľ졣
ŲӲǰҲ𽥱ˡ
˹Ѿȷˡ
϶ûս
ϰƽԭʱǷʱ֣˵ź˻ԴԶĵطԮѾսڵķ
˹ԮӵĵһӣѾ˹Χ
Լа˰ˡ
һӵıһǧˣԴԼ󡪡Ҳ;·ӲӳΪȫԱ롣ָܸӹ˹Ҫġ
жҲ˹
˹
ڣ
˹һӲӳ´
һӸսҵȵڶӵִ֮ҲϸϹȥǵִ֮ǰسס
ǣ
ٷһιⵯ
ǡ
ӽģħȻͷųȥ򻮳һɫĹ켣ڵִϿʱ籬ըһͷųҫ۵Ĺԡ
仰˵ħʿ
Ȼʿħʿ
ƺӵкѪͳ
ȲħʿȻʿһַǳĴڣֻͻȻ״µ˺ұ˹Ǵ½ҲȻʿĴڶû˹ϵȻʿ
յĹⵯ֪ͨз֪ͨ塣
Լ˾ϡ壬˹ǱǴеˣСһ㡹˼ֻҪöԷƲѱӦֵµˣǶѾĹƿ϶ͻ
˴ԼʱԼʮӡ󣬵ڶӴ¼ϡ
˹ڶӲӳ潫Ҫս
϶ˣ
Լųɡ
Ǿû⣬һѾȳˣҲϡ
Ѿɵû֡
ûҪЩϲϵˣٶȡ
ǣ
ã׼ͻŷŵ£û𣿡
˹תվһԵŷŵͷȻжصö
˹֮ԿʾŷŵΪŷŵԡʿЭȡֲμӾԮӣ仰˵ܽϣŵĴˣڷ¶֪һ
սŷŵȻһ޽ŸеЦݻӦ
Ȼûม
ȻԭǵĶ־ƺЩ˥ˣ˹ͻԼҲ絽ϡ
ԴĸսͻҺ˹һ
ٽжӳжӳܻ̾ԼĲӡ
˹£³ɶԮӵĵڶҲɱս

7

ʿŵĵһڶλСܣǽλһܵĸͿ˾ǰӣʱѾзӵĲֱwˡ
ǰӵĵзӣѾʿˣǰûбоΧǰ˵Ƿǳ˵顣
Ȼλ󷽵ʿ˹ӵϮɢߣʹǰ뼫ȵĿսƴս֣Ϊսս
ʱ򣬵зѾǲӿʼƶҪƵǰء
ȥѡ
ȻָӹŬҪͻ״ǲӵıѾٵ֮ǴͶ·״ֻ̬ԶɱΧ״пܱ׻
ʱԮӵĵһӳˡ

8

𽥷ס
Ũɢȥ״УִսĵһĿõģ׷Ϳ˾ǰӵ˹˾ĲֲӣӵһӵĽǶзӵĵպþͳ
ûɷŹûᡣ
һӲӳ˹ȫͻ
֧ԮѾһˣ
һͷάܵʱٶȣǰһߵ˹չͻ
ͻȻֵĵо˹ߵʿֲ
ȻнҲиоӽϢ϶ⶼԼˣѰȵĹⵯΪǼѶšճߵĵβûзֵڽӽδȫɢȥ޷Զ״Ϊһء
Ѿӽ־룬㲻ԸҲǻʵֵĲԼˣǵˡ
һ˲䣬˹뼫ȵĻңĿǰݳͣͻĵ˶ԣԲԵˣȻ׷ӵĲӳæҪͣȴȫ
һӵӺܿͻƵзݳ͡
ħʿͻƵȱڣȱڼ󣬴ʱͷٶȽͻ˹ȫɥʧֿ
ֱղŶ׷ܾ˹ӣֵԼɰܾʼƴҪֳ
Ҫ׷ᡣ
˹òͣ½ŲŴܵѾǰȡ磬ͬʱҲΪ˵ȴ˹ִ
зӣ϶Ǹղߵķɳȷϵоλãɴǰ󷽵ĵڶӡ
Ҫȴ̫õʱ䡣
ûжãĵڶӾͰ˹ϵˡ

9

󷽲ӱҧţзвսƵǰǰлҲֻʱ⣬ַв״̬ĸͿ˾ǰӣΪԺ󷽵ѹȻͶ
ƴҪ̬Ƶĵīɪ˹Ĳ¡
ĵôˣ
ˣ
˵ʲôҲ˵Ѿִˣ
ƺûʿ˹ġ
Ϊ仰õĵīɪ˹עҪƵǰĵзӡ
ãǱˣٰеıһΡ
ǣ
Ȼ󷽵ĵʧˣԭߵʿܻһ֧ӻղбӸ
Ʋ⣬ǰ˹ӴԼˣһ棬󷽲ɢݵǰӣִıԼʮˣȻ΢ƣԷ϶Ϊµ˵ĳֶȲѣīɪ˹ΪڽлͻƷߡ
Ȼīɪ˹ΪܵĽܹսʱûͣʹֻСҲû취νһְ
īɪ˹ڽϱͣǰ˹ͻ

10

ȵڰ˹ӭӣ˹ŵܵĵоȻת԰˹
˹״
ǡ
˹̻رղսḶ́Լߵо״
Ŀǰǲ׷ܵĵбƲӦûӻصзڵλá
Ϳ˾ǰôˣ
Ϊ󷽵ĵߣƺڶǰĵ˽йȻô˵ΪǵıӦü࣬Ҫɱ֧Ԯ𣿡
νǱ߾ͽǸҲŹĿǰĴûᣬζҪҳзӵλá
ǣ
˹ɸ鲿ӡ
Ŭ£һ֧鲿ӷӦǵзĲӲһر
ƲӦǵзĲӣƺ³ɶķˣԼһǧ嵽һǧңҪڳΧıϡ
˹ˣкָʾ
˹ڵ˾ϵĵһڶӲӳ˹ĻǣĿ⼯ָӹٵϡ
зӵıһǧ嵽һǧˣԵģԮӵսԼһǧˣĿǰ״˵;мĵзԱ˵൱
ҪǵȴĲӻϣͿӵǧˣ˹ΪûеȴıҪ
˫Ʋͬʿͬ⡣
˹Ǳߣ׷Ϳ˾ǰӵʱ׷ӱ˹һӻܵشڲŸӻȥãзڱ˹ӵĳ֣Ŀǰͼʱˡ
һ棬ڱ˹ߣһӻз׷ӣ緢״̬Ҽûκˡ
Ҫͻʹ൱˹ҲѹԵơԵģҪǵȴĲǰϣӦҲڳΧĲӻϡ
˹Ȼ̶ֳȵĵ
Գȴᶨԣ
ȫ׷
Χ𻶺
ɫҲѾɢȥӦÿ׷ϵзӣ׷֮ͽоսԷ³ɶո׻


ͼ


ม
ź˾

11

³ɶԮӣԵһӼڶӲŵĺͱԭҰϣ׷еĵзӡ
ͷӡ
ѾȫɢȥҰƽԭ뺦µ˵ʹз·ЩķϵҲһͻƲŶԡ
ħʿڴͷӺ档
ڸǿԼûҪսǻƶֻǸԱŻǰŴػǰҪȫǰҲ޷Ը
ڸĵط
ֻ³ɶѾݣʹþԮո״Żõ͵ĲƷ״ֵɱ˹߰Χ³ɶԱṩ㹻ʳʿǡ
ƽµȥһ˹ǰԳͲĹ⾰ӳ
оλãƽµߵ㸽ǰƽ̹ĵΣ쵽³ɶ
Ǵøߴĵľս
òͣӲӳǲǰ˾
ӵ˹ʾǰڵִӵȴĵصȫͣ

12

ӳĻǣ˹ڵ˾
˹ˣΣ
ȵѯʣ˹ڸߴ˹֮ľԼʮ·ء
˹ԼӦ
ⳡս⣬ͰǴȷ³ɶİȫ
˹ˣ˫ıĿǰ൱ôһλڸߴǱȽ
ڶӲӳѡ
Ҫƾõƿս𣿡
νȻӵеǵο̶ֳȵб£ӶԺƽûûɣ
ڶӲӳͷʾǵȻġ
ôս͡
˹ʼָӰڵ滭ͼ˵Ļӳ漴첽ߵԣͷĽűߡ
տʼݷչͻӵзӵͻƣӿȱڽ嵽󷽵ӷֳӣͷӵоĺϮȵƵо󷽣ʹݷΪб벽ͬʱǰло
˹ˡ


ͼ


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зӪΪͻʱȡʲôж

˹ĵͼָӰŵ档
ԷӦͻʱǵӴлǲںзӣĲӻԹǣƣӲҪͣζҪȫͻƵ󡣡

˺ֵǰ
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ȡͣезļ䵽˾ӣ״˵ܵסоͻ˹
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ǡ
Ǹ˹ˡ
һǳиܽ˾ĽŸС߰С־սγҵ
ԿֲĿ梡
ʲôŷŵС㵩벻Ҫ˹˵
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Ըһ֮ŷŵ£
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˹ҪܵµĹĲҲпܻͣ½Ųɡûͣ½ŲĻҲпܻٶȡôһӵͷǰ߽ҼлΣաοҲͻʱкü
ûⶨսʱҲЩˡ
ԣΣ԰ɡҪ˼
ܹҵȻӭҪô
ҺΧֻһƬĻĵءҵҲǬòˡ

̽İȣæֵסԼ졣
ô¡
ŷŵĴָ
ţʲô˼򣿡
仰˵ԡ
̾һѻ⽻梡
ŷŵС㱾׿˵
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˵
ŷŵ˵۾˹Ȳѡ
ôม-
Ȼԡ𣿡
ţãϾȻʿֻҪϣ̶ֳûġ
Ǿ鷳ˡ
˹ŷŵͷ⡣
õģұˡ
¶ЦݵŷŵҲͷ
ôȥ׼ˡҪȻ֮뻨൱ʱ׼ม
Ҫʱ䣿
ม֮ķʱ
ķʱԼʮӡ
ãŷŵ½׼ʱҪ죡

ӳжӲӳӳΪָʾæ뿪ֳ
УȵʱӦûȫ¼˰Ҽม
ǵȻġ
Ҹˡ
ŷŵҲ뿪˾͵ǰȥ
˹ĿıӰԵİ˵
ӵкþ˵
ǵģȻʵսʱɲóԡ
ٶ΢΢̾˿
ʵɲóԣʹˣɲó
Ȼ˹Ҫ²۵ĿǰҲƽˡ
ŷŵºľʱ˴ͽˡ


ͼ


梣ŲҲνҪ˹ǰ󡣡
ŷŵԭǵ٣ûսıҪȴΪṩһ֮ǱҪúöԴ
ǡҪɡ
ȻİȿҪֻ˹ٶȶ̣
Ǿ鷳ˣ򡣡
̾˿Ȼ򳤹پ⡣
½𱣻ʱԭصŷŵС㡣
Сӹ𣿡
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ˡ
ǣ
ԾĲ»˹ķתȥ
ϣȻŷŵӦݷǰŵĵطʿסߣԿıӰ
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ȴ˹ľжСӣǰȥ𱣻Ҵ梣ӵжӳȡλһվ˹ԡ
ǰļͣ˹Ҫ˵Լһϸ
ҪսˣⳡսΪ³ɶĹս¾㣬ǲġ

13

Ǵˣоʼˣ
µ棬˹ָӹߵ͵ǰУȷϱ˹
ж
ݷԤأ˹
ǺԵĸ١
˵ǡ
ǽĿת˹ĺ󷽡
ֻûʲôߵһƬڱƽԭԶһߵľͷ
ûеоĵڶҲͬԤϡ
Ȼڱ΢ƣӵез
ĿǰӦûô롣
ΪôΪԲŻȡݷ󡣡
ǲԸġǲֻߣǿյоռݵ֮оսǴһʼĿġ
ΪĵΣŻȡսǴٻӦָʵ
Ҫûսʤûˡ
⡭ǵģ˵ǡ
оȻͻܹͻսʲô̶ȣǽֳʤܵĹؼֻҪӵͻ󷽵ĲͻҲ⵽ۣԵҾԴеоҾΪ˲ſ࣬ζҪµоտʼͻ
ףѾΪʿЯˣʹǱ˹ӦҲ񲻵ԭѾߵҾȻ׼ôĹӭǡ
ԭˣ˹Ŀġ
ûҪǼˣ˹׷ϣӻӺ󷽿ʼܴ޵ֿͱʳ߽⣬;ͣ½ŲоսҲΪ׼
ǲִƾָȨĽ죬ƺҲӵԤϵ
Ȼ˹һԤϲҪءӦ˵һԤϲˡ
ʿŵȻʿŷŵ
Ψһʧ㣬λڱ˹еȻ˵ҪԤзӵȻʿϡ֣һǿѵ顣
ʹˡ
ܽϣԤ⵽״ŻǲŷŵԮӵĻôܽϣŵıùŵùˡ
֮Աȷ£
ҵıùŵùߣӲıӦùŵѹɣ
ܽϣֻ΢ЦŻشûиȷеĴ𰸡
Ҳᡣ
Ρ
սʱ伴
˹˹³ɶĹսٹþͻ˶ϡ

14

ԮӴͷǰ
˹ǱǺ᷽󣬱˹ݷ󣬴ϿտȥӦûǶΣֻԶ
ļ˹ʿʼǵļʸֻղǰĵ档
ƥͣĲҲͣ½Ų
¿ǰľΪһʮһʮ·ءԼʮٰʮߡǰпܱУλ̷Χ⣬ʮʱԶȥԼʮԵִ󡣾ľ롣
˹߶ԣ빭̵ִＺڶ̶̲ʮʱ䣬ܹԷʩӶٵĴʤĹؼڡ
˹ǱߣһŮߵӵǰ
ԵͷʹӵҲɼ
ʲô
ʿţ
ʲô
ǰȥ֧Ԯ³ɶĲֻǱ˹ǵҲʿŵıڣ˹ʿҲ֪£ǳֵľֻһˣƺͻӵһԱ
ѵ˵µӣ
Թڵŷŵ˹ʿǻΪʤǻôΪҲû취ġҪǰʿʵȻʿ׼ݴȻӦǿѡ
Ȼ֪ʲôνż
Ӧû䲻ɣ
䲻ҲûϵȻǾͷż
ǣ
ڷǰʿҡ
ʱ򣬾һ硣
ɰ衣
һԭػɰϿա
ɰסչ⣬ʹܱû谵
ô£
ԭʿǷ״ҵַɲ̧ͷۿ
ͻ
Ӳӳϵĺųݶӵı˹ǰ塣
ǶԳǹֲǸ߾ٵͻܡ
š
Ȼˡ
Ͼķ磬ɳ˹ֱķ硣
дɰǿҴʿϣʿǶ۾
ǲɵ÷¹۾
һɲǡ
˹һ롣
ֻǰӽġ
ǿŰǰ·ȴֻ΢硣
û⣡ôһ϶û⣡
ǵȷŲѡ
ȷżܺˣоġ
Ϊƽǰæ۾˹ӳǣ˺ƺʿ
żżżҷż
Ȼɰڱ£ֻԼԷӰ
ֻˣдɰǿ磬޷ú۾׼
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ŲµİţӳǴ
ν䶼У֮׼ˣŵ˵ķ䣡
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ֹֻýı׺ڴ˿֡
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ʱ˹Ѿдأ뼫ȵĻҡ
˶¹֮ûýֻǲ֪Ҫߡ
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ԣǺ޵ֿ
Գǹ̵

Űǹᴩ嵽󷽣ֻצۡ
˹ѾԭͣûвӦеĻˡ
֮󣬱˹Ĳӹء
˹Ǳ޷κӦԴʩȫ޷
û
Ҳûгֽӭ
ӣʧĻᡣ
˹Ļңת֮ɢ࣬ȫɻҲˡ
׼Ӳ׼ӣӭ
з࣬ѹƻȥ
ȻָӹӳǺ˻ߣȴ޷ѵܵʿлʹʿͿսҲû໥øսĲ״
ȵݱɻսƵҲ޷Ϊᱻʿ谭޷˹ĲչӦ˵ΪʿĴӣҲʱս֣װ̣֧ս
ݷı˹󷽵Աʼɢγɰ͵б󣬹εĵзء
зѾ˿ûеֿˡ
ֻʧʿǽء
Ҳһû취սֻء
󲿷ֵжϵƣòսķΧĻûôˡ
ܵ˹ʿͷصı˹赲ȥ·
չѾսˡ
ǵɱ¾
ǳ׵ļ
Ļ

ͼ

ƴʩ˹ָӹٱǣӵı˹ûʧӰƵǹ׳ҵ

15

˹ʿڵѺùɵ˹Ѻùɵ˫³ɶⳡսԳԤϵʽĻˡ
Ǳ˹ȫʤ
˹ı˹Ԯ³ɶԭΧе˹ӻųˣԮɽͽڣ뷴˹ϵʿɹ
񣬸ͼд





1

˹ǲ³ɶոˣ˹׼Ȼֳִսָӹ
зб缺ǰ沿ӣճļʿҰŲǰ³ɶ
Ȼ˹ȷʵЩдһɻ󡣲ֻ˹ٰŷŵҲˡ
ΪյϢʿŵĲӡһӡڶӡλСӡȫ䲻״̬
òᡭ͵оսܱ֮ˣ
ͶԲߡ
ġҾӦòɡϾǰӳ
ŷŵֳĵ̬ȣƽһû˼ģҲʵʵ뷨
ȥʸͿ˾ǰӵˣӦþͻ֪ɣ
ȷʵˡ
ȵ˵ͷ
Ҳ֪ǰ沿Ϊʲô͵˴ȾͺǰӻϣָӹϢ
ŵȴ˴Լӡ
ָӸͿ˾ǰӵĵīɪ˹ִˡ
ϸ˵˹ͽܰʿŲʧˡ
仰˵ʿ˵зĻӡôһ𣿡
ǵģ˵û
ʹǵīɪ˹ƺҲЩ̧ͷ
ԭˣзܱ֮ԱԤϵ٣ΪӲֳ
ô˵š
˹ԭҲΪзǰ沿ӿܶĳھս֮ǰɳ̽ûзֵзǰ沿ӣһֱɣڵõ͡
Ҫǰòû߻ӣǽᱻǰлᵱо
ȡͷתŷŵҹͷ⡣
ɹʿŵЭҴӹٱл
ûϵôġѱҪ˴Эɡ
ŷŵ΢΢ҡ˻֡
ҡʲôȻʣȻٶȵͷл
ⷬ˲ʤ
ôһ
˹ɫʿ
ǽҪԲ˵ıӦз֧ӡа취˳𣿡
ǵģҲܵһ㡣
īɪ˹ϳӰ
ҪԼһ沢ҵлСһֱôġ
ķģûġΪǰӳࡡ
มมûϾ첿ӵλ¡
ûû
ȣϸܱߵ״ȥѯЩĵо²Ҫرҳӵķ²ѯս״

ô׼ɾҪǰ³ɶˣŷŵкδ㣿
֮Ҳͬаɡ֮ǰҵдһݱܽϣС㡫
֪ˣ߻׼Ҳðսʤ͵ڽ˳֮֮ͣһ
սʤ档仰˵ҪܱߵĶйҡ۵ҡﱴ˹սʤ˹ϢΪʿԷƣǳҪ
лл׼
ڸմһƽԭսûпдŵΣŷŵֻܽ۵ҰսԼСӣƤֽԱߵëʣ׫дһЩ򵥵ı顣
׫дĹУŷŵҲ䲻֧жһ֧Сӡ
Ȼ⣬ŷŵڵǵİΣǲ뱻Ͼ·ġЩһǷʲô쿪飬ǳЩ顣
˵ġЩһȻԼӲ밬Ϊףûʶĳ̶ڰʿ׽һָˡ
ˡ㷢ʲô鷳¡ƺĹҲܽϣСڸġ
˵ԼŷŵѸٽдãȻ˹ɿ͵ɵŷ˹
˵εȫʤӦҲȫܽϣСļ֮СĻôһλµءӦ˵Ǹ˲Ǹ֮õûʶС鳤
ŷŵֱղŶŵİӲˣǷʲô쿪飬
Ȼиֳһֲ
˵ܽϣСĳЩ쿪뷨ˡӦǲɡ

2

ȵ˵ʹִ³ߵͷȵִͬǾڰϻֻӭǣֻˣ³ʿҲһͬڳĻǴȡ
ô£Ļӭҡ
¶ı鿴ջš
ȷʵҡʲô£ȵϰͿ֪ˡ
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ڴֻ´ʱõԮӻзոϢʱ˹еġսʤ桹ҲѾ͵³ȻģΪеǱεĳأ˹Ⱦſ֪ͨϢ
ڻ֧ԮӾսɺڼ䣬Ѿеִ³ˡ
Ԯӵ
ѵзӣ

׻
ڻӻ֧ԮӶԱǣʢĻ
սʤ鲻ֻǼʤϢ˹Ҫ
ҷƯ˵ĸʿŲĿǰ䲻ҪеõκϢɴѾ³ɶľԮ˾硣Э
³ߴ½İʿԱ֪״̾ǲ³ɶĿǰ˹ǱӦѾհʿŵˡ
ܷˡ
ѵ÷ɱ飬ϸ΢Ц
ȷʵܷϵصжˡ
һ¶ЦݵӣҲųЦݡ
Ǹ磬˲𡣶԰ɣŵ
ǰʵҲûкܵġ
ʵҲûкܵġ
Ȼŵŵȵô˵ӵһ𣬲ԭȥ
ôҲдܽϣСɡ
Ӷ˵İ΢΢ͷ⡣
͡
㲻д𣿡
Ҳ֪ڻս飬ʵָڻսǰӳĪ
ô˵еԡ
̧ͷѰλСӵĳԱܿͿʮˡ


ͼ


ιӲһ£
ףˣ
ջһλСӵͬǷʤϲõļӲæܵǰ
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ȻӦҲóд°ɣ
ţ֮ᡣô𣿡
ô׫дսı顣

д֮õ
סס
ǱҪøܽϣС㿴ģҪдá
ΪΪʲôң
ΪʲôǸս᰸𣿡
ûǡ
ûŸܹú˵ǸսʱҪ᰸дС
ǡ
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׫дĹ䵽Ӳϡ
ڳнӪĸʿŲӡȫ³׼ֱȴŷŵҵȺܽϣ´ָʾ
޿κεļӲֻÿʼ׫дҪ͸ܽϣŵı顣
˹սʤ鵱дοļӲ걨̾˿
Ԯ˾ͬеŷŵС㣬Ȼʿ
ȻŷŵܲݷҲ˾ȡӲֻ֪öľ˵
˾ȵĲ¡
μӱսǰССսӣλСҲǵ£ŷŵСǺСݱ䣬ȫܽϣСԤ֮ĻܽϣСȻһλ˵ˡ
ʹ鶼ܽϣСԤ֮УһҲԲɺϡ
ӲٶȶܽϣŵĶѡ
ֻܹڶԷÿһǿһЩӦԵֶζѣ֮£ܽϣСԤ֪ԷĲѾԤ֪ھŻʮĲֲδѡַֻƯݡ
ܽϣСΨһһûܷӶ¼ֻǳø֮ҡԼ࣬ԼΣԼųǸ¼
ӲΪܽϣС˼ΪϬѾԤϵһ׶֮ƣĿǰ˼һЩӲ޷Ԥϵ顣
ˣԣܾãĳ֣õԤС
㱻ĲӲȻ׫дҪ͸ܽϣŵı顣

3

ౣ
ѽôˣܽϣС㣿ѵǸð𣿡
û֪Ϊα鿴һ룬Ȼоһɶ񺮡
벻Ҫֲ顣ѾŸոմȫʤ
֪ⷬΪܽϣü
ӲĳЩม
ĳЩָʲô飿
㿴ǲ֮ǰյģдҵı顣ȥ
ܽϣŰѸոĶļӵϣ浱ȻǼӲʵģʹܽϣҲ֪ࡣ
ļʼĶݣ⿴ܽϣţоԼ
ӲȻȤǸ˲ţڴı֡˵δܹʿŵ˾ǡ
ܽϣ˼Щ顣
ȻӢۣƽʱۡ仰ӲһųΪӢ۵ĿԣƽʱǷܳΪ۾Ҳˡ
̫ƽʱ˵ۣ¶ͷǵĻᶼûС
սʱĻɻʣչֳĹԡ
ܽϣͼѯԼ
Ƿ٣
ǣᡣ
Ʋûиݡ
ȻûиݣȻعľݱ䣬ͻᷢƺҪʧ򣬻ʷĺҪֲΡ
ˡ
翪ʼʧ
伴ʧء
ᱬģս
϶üӲչֵ֣ĳ档
ңʱڻѾԶˡ
ܽϣŵֻ˼ǰ顣Ϊʿ䡪ʽ˵ǡųǵҪ۴֣ȡȷжδѡ
ԣҪÿζҪȡȷӦʩֽ뽺״̬ʱ򣬳䲻ԷлеһҲôôأȻҪĻȤķݱõġ
ܽϣžúҪԵĿ⡣
ʵԶԡ
걨̧ͷ
ıʮ΢֪ھȣ޿κΡ
ȻСҲӲǸһ˲𣬾ȻֻԲʮ˵ı˵׷ܵ޷̬Ƶش⵽ǡ֮⡭
һ顪˹սʤ顪֣ı֣Ƚϼ˵
Ԯӵӣܻ֮зӵҪؼڸʿߵзĻӡӦÿô˵ɣ
ţûҪûߵоͿ˾ǰӦˣôһԮҲ׻ʤֻ˹ǷͬһͲö֪ˡ
ʹûʽͬҲνҾֻҪԼ֪С
ܽϣ¶΢Ц
Ǹûˡ
ףܽϣСҪѸ𣿡
ҿûô˵
Σ̿ͼ˹֮³ɶҲõʤôһ˹ӦҲʱһɣ
ܽϣźȻЦݣתΪı顣
˼ĵĵط
óء
ףģڵʲô
Ӯ̫ˡ
ʣӮֻ̫ʲôӰ𣿡
ᡣ
ܽϣŶԣƱǹһͷ졣
ܽϣߵߣ͸Ĳ⡣
λڶ¥䣬Ըɵŷ˹Ժ
Ȼ˵ԺҲûʲôرĵطڱʯмĿյϣֻɫĲƤԼֲڸľǳǳƶģȫһ⽥Ũĺƽ羰


ͼ


ȻܽϣԤС
ƽӲܾá
Ѿûճʤˡ
ǰ佫ƺ˵ôһ仰
롢ǣ
˷ֵʤʤ
⡭е˼
νǽҪǰѶԷƵͶ·ĵزԷпΪԱľٶԷǹϻǾ͸˵ˡ
⡭
Ȼ̫ܽϣҪ˼
ʹˣҲоõܽϣλĴųηĳЩ顣
ųںʲô
ƵͶ·˹ȡʲôж·ǶϯҮǷΪʧ˹ˡֻʲôУ
ܽϣӻصģսҼٵԤУǡ

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