ʮ
صտʼҹȾɫ̫Ҫȫɽˡ

ûҵݨDD


ųƣ͸е˫ȣˮصеѰšѾǵڼ԰ˣｹͬһŽ䶼Щģˡ

ݡ
Ҵ˿Է˽Ųһ󺮷紵ʹѸȴܵ˴ۣҪӱܵ뷨ƴߵڡѾǼˡͷһ侲ȴҲˡ

Գ̾˿

Ǻǡ
̫ˡѩ׵Ļ϶յЦӭҡͿˡ





ѩװɡ
ͷ̵ת

DD
̧ͷĵطŮվںҹС
ôһûӣǲҪҵİæˣ

ߨDD

Щ͵ң¶˺ı顣
ôԾһܳھ̨ϵǵǳһɣôûأ

ߣDD

ΪѰʶļŮܣˡȻϲԽ˼˼άת̫ˡù

ʲô֪˨DD
ߵĵ٩ýʵ

֪ⲻǷϻҲ˵üˡ
ЦŶԵ
氡ûҲ֪ĶŶ



ͷĿѣһﵽԹ̬ķչ

ĻҨDD
߽ߡ
ǨDDǺ˵˵ƭҵĻǲŹġ
ҾƷ½ߵʼò԰

ء壬ܡ

ˣ˵DD
ƣͺѹѾҵ񾭱úܽˣҿסϸĲӡûйСӺˡ뾡DD
ǨDD


㱵Ů񳪸һš
ˣ滳Ӻˣˣ̽Ϸɣǰһֱ֡
¶·һ顣

DD
ˣ⺢˵ЩʲôҸץ½

ʾֵεĺܼ򵥡֪ܲ⡭

жôѵ𣿡

ôŹңңֱʵ鱨ˣҲõڴõȼ֮

DDˡ
˵Ŀġϣô

ˡ
ҷſߡ
Ǹʲô̽Ϸ㿪ʼɨDD
µֻȥˡ

˵DD
Ϊף߿ʼˡ
ôһǣҰͣɱ¼ʲô

˵Ǳ̬ɵ֫ŮԿԻÿШDD
ļҴߵĻ

壬ڲ˵һ롣ⲻȫͷĻҪͷŶ



ĶǷ˱ѹֵڱĽôĶѡеһأ

ĶDD

˵ʲô˼

Ǻʣ֪ģҵȻ֪ʲôΪαȥġΪ߼ļĲ䣬ǰǱġ費ҪظһΣ֪κ顣
ֵ촽Ϊ΢ЦЩŤˡ

ɡ
ֻôشˡ

ôôĶѡеһأ
һDDƶµļΪ¼ɣԵΪزһ˿ӪḻĲ֣˶û֡Ǿȡ˰ӹֵ¸DD˵ɱȽ˵ͨŶôڶDDڽ̵Ļ㱡Ķ۵൱ͻԵġʷеĴģ޲ɱ¼½еġôDDʾô˵ǡȻ˵ĵԽԽ󣬵ܺǱȥˣصͼȻ¼Щ߼
¼DDʬ塣
ǲǸʾ̫ˣ壬Ļشǣ

ڽ̵Ļ
ˣϲ塣˵ĻϸŶε¼ڽ̵Ļ㱡ȷġǾ飬˵ǵõʾˡ



ʾDD

ڵձֶ˴ڨDD

ӰԺܹ׵ġôڶ⣬İ˷Ȼ˵ʬ屻֫ķѣҲҸһװͿԴŵߵģӦӦ׼ӽϰܵܺߣ͵ԼĳѨİ취DD˵ĻҲǺҪġ



һDDʹسʹõ֣ܷĳӨDDӦϺĴ𰸡Ȼһ㾯Ҳ뵽ˣԴ¼ԺһֱѰ೵ˣȴջôôڶDDƳҰЩ˼ҾߵƷʱʹõƳⶫӦ˵ܷ㣬ܷԺܲζ״һѲע⣬һӾͱץסˡDDȽѣѾʹˡȽԵõһСˣܷԻǻԣʺϷʹõĹߡ

ôDD
ʹ

ҵĸ硣ȷǡأ˵أǿʹˡ

DD
иֳһҲſһʹĳDDԱߵְԱϿպѹѹŵѻDD
ţ뵽еˡڵ⡣

ߣ˨DD
Ƭϣʼֳˡ
ŷˡʹõ춼޷ȷϵķˣȴ˳
ֻ࣬һDDzylstc:ϣ

壬ӿɲŶǻһ𣿡

Ѿ֪ˣǸDD
˵ģתƷDD
ģ¼͵ƬԼʣĶƬǸкܴĶƬDD
ǹ֫ĳɣ

ȫȷ壡ôСĶȴܹʵôҰΪһĳʮ޵ĨDD

ߣѾ˵ˡܹ߶߶˨DD
ҶסߵĻȷĸ
ǸDDѧԺô




֪һ㣬ͼˡͣҰ԰ڻؼңѧԺȥһ˲䣬߾ˡ˽ѧ⣬͹ʲôDD

˽飬ͨġ֪ĴڣҲ֪˵ѪζɹĻʵǺܼ򵥵һ顭
ߵĽۡǻȱʲôҪĲ֣һûʵ

˵DDڻѧԺ

ݾһξߵ½

ѻָͿˣǻġ
ߵĻشôڿЦ
̽ϷѾˡΣǺܸŶ塣˶ˣγɼô㣬Ҫ㽱Ʒ
ߴƷĿڴóһԿףŵҵС

ǨDD
ûлشҵ⣬ò²͸ҡȻһ

壬ҪŻˣ˵Ҫġ
ҨDD


ߣҳѧԺ˳ȥ

ΧһƬڰ



ϵĲҶл졣ڻѧԺΧѰڲĵ·
ҪкŵĻ
ҪϸŮѧԺֹһ޹ص߽롣ټʱ䣬յźֹҡ

ѧԺҲֻ˵ĻֱӴȥȻǲеġȻҾæҲ


ת䣬ͻȻʵשǽ赲ȥ·ǹԱĳڡáҾŽ롣ԤһľƵȻֻܼ̣򵥵عһˣҪŪ˿Կ׿סӶʷﱧſЦ̬ѧļòóˡ



оעָϵ˿ϸ΢оڼԭܶζûгɹסͷкˡˣһͷš



ţ⡭

ǡ

ָͷ˽תĸоǸоͬʱȥľƵţڲ򿪡
ʱ




תͲ˳ҵǰ˺ܾһͲ˼ٵش
ֵط
Ȼ󣬿ǰ򿪵ĳڡ
ѵ˵桭
ûѪɫ¶ֿĸ顣


ŮȻҪԲ֧Ļ

ȥûϵ

УôһȥҲҪһ𡪡
ӺͲ˵Ļȥ

һ¡
ҵӱͲϸסˡ


žһཬ

Ͳ˴̧ͷҡ

ж˵鷳ԹԻѩȥĵط

Ϊʲô

ҲֻҶѡѵΪʵ򵥵ҺΣ֮𣿡



ȥﰭۡ

Ͳ˵۾ˮ

ңǸ
ǣûн֮Ļ˵ڡͲվʱĵ·ȥˡ


š

ͺˡ

˵ȷĻҵľһߡܰĺӾ



Ҵڽ˻ѧԺߵĻҹѲһȫںҹУ԰ڵһǣһשĹŽפ

á
ݶϣһȺѻظ





ȥŽŲû˿û˴ڵϢһעΧĺڰȻһһȥէһȥûκ쳣Žеĸζ̼űӣڿеĳĴƮ


ҵжĽӽ𣬻һȻΧתأ֮ϣΪ֤ݵġʲô֡




ͻȻ洫˹ĳζԽߣǹ޷ӵĳζԽǿҡӳһšź棬ʲô𣿵ǡζϵļ䱻һӴսȹӣԼΪֳҶŵŨŨĳζȺѻҲΪŵɳζⶰȺİɡ



ſһʱ򡪡ţؿˡ



༤ҵѰĵص㣬ҽӺ֮Ŀ϶



ڰУֹסžણžણžડһú͵ƵӰҼԶǰ߹

ǡ
ǸӰȥҰߣ¼ϼŮ

СЩʲôǽʦѧǶѧ֮ѧԺ桪

ѵ˵
ߵĻ
ءڽ̵šȷŶеİɣ֮ʾļһ
ʥְߡ֮ʾˡѵ𡭡



ǰ߹Ůƽ͵΢Ц߳áȻűˡһΣڰֻʣһˡ


עΧŮСȥһȳšһ£ȴû˿Ķűʵš꿧ҲûκЧˡ
ѵֻз𡭡Ҳŵ氡



С
ܷҴӻȡ˿ſģо֮󣬲ŷŵĽṹӶˡƶļܹ𣿣ҲֻӲͷƤˡ



ǨDD
ǻҳĵϣץס׼ʼŪ˲䣬ͻȻһ߽ҵԿס
Ȼ֪ɣҺȷš
ǣһ֨DD



ԿײУһŤǨDD
Կ˳תǰ򿪡ŵ棬ֻõĺڰҡ





ڰ֮СץŶ͵¥ݷȥΧǿҵĸԼһֱ¥ݸһֱͨһĴҵ巢



ͬǳЦǻĸоһ㡣ʮ֮󣬇RϴɳϵĴСյˡϸһչǰ⼣߰ߵšҲûκ



ƶš

š
Ÿձ򿪵˲䣬ӭϮһǿҵĸζղŵζֱ֮ᲢۡҴǿҵĶģűӽ˵ҡζȻѪ෢ĳζǽ̨ճճѪң̨ϻźܶİӣǰ˶ѵ⵶


ʲôġ֪ˡĻ


ͻȻԤУһæ̧ͷĴȻ֪ôüģҵĻһԡݡʱȥǡͻȻע⵽ӵĺ棬һšؿֺšڴ̱ǵĶУšӿ졣õԤ޷ֹؿʼѸ͡ţչǰǡڻ谵ú͵ƹ£Ǹǡ

ݡ޷侲԰׵Ĵ޷˼ݵɡƭ˵İɣô컨µݣ˫۽գ屻пѪҺ鲼ذ塭ԺȸֳݷֱʱЦݡ



ذ
޷һߵݵ档ִ塣ȵġȻ¡žָȾʺ졣

˲޷Ƶķŭ޷ƵķθҽرסѾݣǺڣԼؿ޷ʹࡣܽըѰĳ
תҵڵϣѪ
͵Ϯ
ڵϵϴĴУŵ˴̱ǵĶһûվڶ
ʹ
һţֻסԴͷůҺ塣Ѫӽʵ۾ǰ汻Ⱦɺɫˡ


˫̵ۣ촽ŵǯմҵѪŮԵ̨ϣŷŸֵߺͿʵߡ

һǷ𡪡

ǼһؿңЦ˵
ѽѽ鷳ŶɲǿܹĵطӴ
Ȼһҵĸϡ


³һθҺǰ˲һ𻨡Żں޷

ú˵ĻôҲúд㡣鷳Ŀˡ
Ȼ󣬾Աߵҵļ顣

·ҪԴ˺ѰľʹѪӿ˳ҵשͷͣ
λоĿ˰˺ܶ˰ء
Ȼ󣬻عͷŵڿеЦ

ȡ
Խʹ࣬Խ˾ǶǼһķŭӼľʹվ
쵰Ϊʲôݡ

һߵҵϡžһѪ˳һεȥ

ô˵ıŶŵѽֲɱ㡣ҲҪ˵塣üβԣÿζҵʹһʵʹࡣȻ޷ɻҲҪ÷

ǡ
ǣŭӣǺÿء
һߵԣһЦš
ˡּɣ㵱ƷϵĻ϶ԹҸ
˵꣬ת̨Ͽ꿧طŶ


Ҳ֪ǼһʲôǣҪĻֻгˡÿһͻᴫޱʹûû˵ץס顣


ҧأֽϵ黺

õˡ

תͷŮͶ˳ȥǳ⣬ݵضҵĹʲô

һ

ȻʲôҲû˵

Ϊ˷ֹܣͰ˫ȸҰɡ
ŵĶǺ⵶
ȻеʹʹΪ֪˵Ķ

ȥ
ŮĿ˹ȷȷʵʵǿͽģȻֿҵʶѾģĳѪԼʧȥݵĴݡͿ࣬

һΣ޷ӷбԼҪĶǸͽɱҾ𡪡

аɣƺҲû˻㡭仰ܶ졣
ؾ˴󵶡

DDDD
ʹDDѪȪһӿ˳ǰһƬʺšһƬʺ֮һ鹾๾ڵϡ

ڵϵұµĽƣ

ʹҪҴеյһһ˲ʧȥʶ

š

Ҳ֪ȥ˶ʱ䡭

֪ģҿʼĿһʼˡ

ͿģǱסһ

ÿҪƶ壬ڲϵᷢ´´Ĵ̶ڵǳ̣΢̧ͷ첻ŵˣƺѾܾûоˡ

ѽʹϸ˨DD
⵶£һҪӰսҵšȻȡһɫıʼ˿ڡ
ԲŶ
մѪգֳеЦݡ
û취ӵĻͻӳȥĨDD





ͻȻʧȥʶ



ҽаļڣȲͣľʹҽβҽУô棬ͷײǽȫûȥԿǸŮˡһһõⷢĳζҰθĶ˳öͷȥҵͿ³ۻ࡭

𷣵ʹУΨһĿǺʱܴ޾ʹнѨDDΪʲôϷŹ

ÿŶôʹ࣬ô׼ҩˮɡ
ٴλһССע
ѾҪˡ
ʹʧԵ˼άҲʼˡҩǲʲôá


Ҳû˼ȥˡ
ʧȥ˿ЩɫĿ״˳Щ״ڲغѪҺĵϺյһʧˣҾͽʧȥǡ
ʲôҲˡĵ²ֿҵÿֻڵϡ







ÿ춼ϵΪ׼ʳ
õ˨DD
һӷҵǰȻһ߿ңһƽ˵
ɫâƲʺһ˫޴۾ŶҾеǳֲͼįϵ۵һֱҶ˽Ȼ˳ЩңǹؼĲһ׵ġǲǾú氡

ˣ֪

̫ΰˡܹҡˣһжΪµĨDDһشʲôȥɡ

һֱƽ˵ЩµĻ˵Ǹιʳһɡȥ





ǣǺ⡣

ҲӣǸŮˡ

ôΪʲôԡΪģ

һ߷ӡ

̫ˣѧϰ˷Ϊרģ

ĲˣҵЩڵĶ



ú÷ʡ֮ǰԶڵͷؽš



Һ޷ӦñˣĽŲ뿪˵ҡ
DD
ֻӵĸζһ˼šΪʲôԲȥ

ⲻŵ𡭡ǸŮÿңȥڵķ䣨ǱʬİɣȻһŶȥˡݵʬڻDDôDDʳɢǰЩǡʲôأ



ôܳԵȥ
Сţ۾

ҵʱ䣬Ȼڻš





ƺһڵңǰʢϵӷǰǶ˵šµ֮ӡĶЩ޹ûĻ


ҵȻû˵Ӧ˵ǼɵİɡԴӱʲôҲûԹ



ʶģҩԭԭ򡭡

Ѿ޷ʶˡƺᷳˣʼҲˡ



ҸЦţ˸ڵķ䡣ſڵϵҲ



ڷ䴫˸Ѿץµ̧ûУʲôҲˡǡ

ͻȻԴŵķ϶濴ڷΡ

ӶƮĴ̱ǳζԼɢڸĶ

ӿɬĸоǣڡʲôҲˡ͸ɿĥţһֱԺӽɳеǰӵеĸоҲʧˡѹʱǱˮһġ

ڰͬһҵ֫ڰţ֪ҵҲ˺ڰԨ

ŨDD

Ժ󣬲֪ȥ˶ʱ䡭

ͻȻҶ߳Ӧò
ѽ
Ϥ̧ͷ

̧ͷȥ
壬ǺòҰϾҪ˰ɣ
ݡ
ѽллþòˡݾƽһЦš
壬ҪǿԼˡòΪ׼Ǹȥͺˡ
ǣǸǡ
ʲô
ǡǸġ
壬ڽ鰡ҲҪġ˵Һܸˡ

ΪĻҾͿԡԶһˡ
ݡ
ҰڻŵʱʲôæҲûܰϡ٣һ⣬Ǻǡ

ԡ壬һҪȥ΢Ŭ¡һתġ
Ǹ
ʧؽ
ݣĻ㡭

ǨDD
DD
̧ͷǰ˭ҲûС




Ǻǡ
˼ǣҵʶһˡԴӱעҩˮһֱеȫʧˡ
ǣݵġ
ҿЦšǺܼʱĻþȻ˵˨DD

۾ת棬зϵӡʲôʱʼİ˱涼ˣüһ֬Ĥ
DD
淢ıڷˡ

ԴһָʶҸо޷͵ļСǰĶκDDԭɬĿǻҺòܶƴ֧ţͿӡпʼҪŻµĸо޷ֹܶסˮ

ԡ𡭡ʶ޹ϵĻ©ߡԼҲס˭Ǹ
ŨDD
ءš
ҰƬС
ء
ž׽ˮ

DD
óԡҷˣǸǺóԡ







ѽDD

˸ɸɾӣŮϲɫرҡ
ͺˡ


Ѿһ˵ң޵ֿؽӵʲôҲǣϣһ

úãԺӡ
Ů¶һȰıҵͷ
ǺúӡҺ޵ֿؽˣҾûκ뷨ġԺֹһʱ䡣

ﹷһҲƽ˾һ첻ģܻҡÿζ˵ЩĻҩŪԺӣǽ˵Ļһ䲻©ƺ޹ݣƺЩܹˡ

ƺһУΪˡոµҪʽʽڻڽС


ǣĿĺҺ޹ϵҾԲǺ˼룬ֻΪʳš

ֱһDD


ҵ¥ݴ·ͦӡڲϵѾιϵʱˡ


ǰվãȴ˵

DD

ŴֱĿһӰ˽

DD

ⲻǰҹҵǸŮDD

DDDD
Ǳǿڵصӡ

ô˨DD
Ǳؿŵҵڡ

һСӰDD

壬þòˣǱǸģԭ׼Ŷ㻹汻˵ȻֵطַһŮ˵ĳﹷ

㣬㡭
ҸеΪʲôЦӣô졭

˺ˣΰ͵ҵĳﹷɣ壬ؽа


ЦDDҾ޷ܣǱ۾̫ˡ

˵Դֻ޾޺ͳصС
Ȼӵ汻˳ȴûκϲáȻġ
ҵǸ˲䣬Ѿˡ







Ҵӵ汻˳

ż¡Ұ¼DD
ʮҹ鱨˽ѧԺõĵԱڵҷ˼߱֫ʬ塭
ڳͬѧԺʦˮ`ıɱʬ
ӷֵʬɷпǣҰɱ¼ҰҲڽϢ



DD

ұ˴õĵо˳˾ͽҽԺ

еǰѾȫˣһ±ŧˮͻ

򵥼ĽΪ֯ȫˣϥµȫг

еĹУ

ҩһ˯ţ

һֱΣμǵҵ

Ȼţҵÿ춼ڱʴ

ÿһ죬ʶһʧˡ

󡭡

뿪˶µ

ϰʧȥŵǰʱûС

ʱ桭

ҵģûκδ

ʼͲ붬ʷרŴӶҡ

ǣҲᷳ⸱ʧǵӨDD

Ҳûˡ



ҽԺصĲշתͣüοǹɴôˡ

һ죬ǿ˲䣬

ʱᴩκζ޷ֲ˿ڡ

һֱ˼Щ⡣



ǡ

ڵΪԼѡûШDD

ϣҰΰţʶʵξ塣

˼糿ʼ͹Ժ

֪ÿʼξеתˡ

صƺСĲУŴľҡ

ű©ˮȾʪݶŹȥǶڵңɼ

˺ҹʶʼ˯ߵԨˡ

š

оһʹһ˹

ǺǡԲ𰡡еʹ𡭡

ںҹͻȻС˵

󲡴ҡҸе°гصĸо

Ǻǣ߳ˡ

ڲڻģŮ˵ģŵһ÷ζ

̧ԺԴ͸ڰš



ǰһǳɫ·ĶСӰ

ӦĻʿװɡ

ʱˣô

Ǻǣ΢е䣬һ¡

ŨDD
˵ͬʱҵ°ȫ¶ڿ棬ҵĿӱѵˡҵЩĸо
ѵ
ǺǣҪɼҺܲ΢һ岻Ҫôš

ʿǸ
̫ˣҸ
š
̴һͷĿѣĸоһֵ˴ϡ
ǺǣԲ𰡡Ϊøܹ߳һ£ղŴ˵ҩ
ʲ
ղǹɴʹѵ

Ǻǡ

ء
û˼ʱˣҵ˼ȻʿԾָˡ

ѽѾôˡǺǡ߳һ˺ܾ˰ɡ



Ǻǣ߳ɰ

ʿУ
䶯Ѿ˵壬ƴֿš
ʱDD

Ǻǣ


ʿһӱˡ
ǺǺǺǣ´Ŷ填ǿϧѽңø߳ߣרŽ˻ʿķװˡ

DD

ô˵أǸضȵı̬ϲ·ġ
¶һı飬Ѿӽ޶Ķ
ѾЧˡôӲôˣǨDD
߽ӴյҴȸ֮ĵطζ
ءζһȥˣ㵽ûаʱϴ谡DD
ǺǡˡζǺǣ̫ˡ
߽ԼĿ£ҵĦ˶š
úɣ塣ѾȲˡζʪˡ
ڰĲ֮У
ˣͷҪڻˡأĶŽȥһֵ˰ɡ
ߣˣͣ¡
ǺǣǲͣҺǰǾ˵ˣӦģֻܰ쵽ԣᰡѾȺܾŶ
߽촽ҵϣš
Ҫģ塣õġʲôҲҪȥ룬һġ

ݣݣݣݣžš

ޡ

ǺǡѾôˡҪȫȥšءţݡ

Ŷޣޡ
ԽҪֿܸоҵȴԽ˷ܡݣݣݣݣžšݣ壬Ҳио𡭡Ҫٹˣݡɰžš

Ҫߡǡ

ǰɣΣ
ǲʲô˵һشҡ

ΪԲŲС

ǺǺǣҲʵʵһаɣⶼ˰Ϊ϶һ޶ãԲܸоֿСֿУӦҪһȥѰҵİɡ

ͻȻ˸ƣ߰һͦŵԼ
ţ
žССһҸоճĤ𶯡ܵľȡ˵ʪоҵ档
ڵȵʱˣŶ塣ҿȷȷʵʵĸоţǵˣϵȨDD

DD
ԵʲôҪըһһ뽫ߵиĸоֻһ˲䣬ҵǰѾܻߵȥ˨DD
ޣŰ
ѹԵĿУҵ俪ʼɢ˵ڰΧţȷ˵ܻ桭

е˶ģȷʵױȵĿШDD
ǺǺǡȫʡ⡭Ӧ˺ѿĸо˰ɡӴȻǵһΣһҲûоʹġšȻܹҵķ϶ȫǶ
¶һ൱е顣ظ鷿Ժ˵š
ѾָоˡԺҲûˡ塭ҵġӴԺǣԶǡ
ߣһͬһҡ

ߡ
ΪʲôʹţҵҲ޸оֻͬеһƣ͵ⳬĿС
塭ƴɣһȫġ

أ

أɣ֪Ǹҵڲͣ䶯

ߣߡ߰

壬ţ壬Ҳ˰԰ɣҪ˰ɣ

šţţŹ

ܸоǾھɣҪ˽ȫ

أţ𶯡ˡ˷ĿУѾ޷ˡڨDD
ذ壬ţ
DDҵڵʱ崫һͨĸоأ
ݣأݣ

ء

ţź

Ȱ塭
ߵ۾ʪġС˵ţĵذ˹


ˣȫĽᾧ

ߣߡ
ҵʶѾģˡǹ˶ɵƣͣߴҩˮˡҪӵĸ׵Ӥһֱۡ
ǺǡҪģʲô˵鰡Ǻ׵ġ



ΪǣϾ޽еð
ߵ֣ظҵաǾҪܻһů˳۾
ǺǣͺáúϢɣ硭







µ׵ʱľҶҡҷŵĻ㡭
߳߻صҰȻ˵Ϣյ磬ҰվǰĹ㳡ǴϢ
ųӣܿˮȺǰš鷳ˣ治˼С˵仰ϵӡݵˡݵѣݵպݵֻʣ¹ͷ֫أͻ֧·
ûʲôҪ⡣ҵĹ

ͬһЦţԼݵĽɫ˵š˵ķӦܳٶۡһҷϵӣȴ԰Ρ

Ŀڵõʵ˵ȫ

ô

ͻȻӵ촽©һϢΪ˻ش˭ʣšǣȥð˷˵԰Ρ

ǺǣֻҪϣģﶼԡ

ŮӵĶߣ촽ϸš

ΪӦڵĵط






ߡEND
